Without being an expert I think energy is, well, the energy that your body needs to carry out its functions (dancing, running jumping, growing, healing, breathing, thinking etc). You get that from carbohydrates (sugars, fats, starches etc). Energy is like the gas you put in a car.
Nutrients are then more like a car tune up, or maybe a car's machinery. They are vitamins, minerals etc, that all play a part in how your body works. In other words, they are more part of the infrastructure of your body's functions.
Any energy-yielding nutrients that are ingested in excess will be stored as body fat.
Fat, protein and carbohydrate, although there are some others such as alcohol and glycerol that do not come into these categories that can provide energy.
carbohydrates
the pancreas
Energy-yielding nutrients consumed in excess, particularly carbohydrates and fats, can lead to storage of fat. When these nutrients are not utilized as immediate energy, they are converted and stored as fat in the body for later use.
Vitamins release energy from carbohydrates , proteins , and fat
Yes, lactate can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. During intense exercise or low oxygen conditions, these nutrients can be broken down to produce lactate as a byproduct, which can then be used for energy by the body.
Yes, these vitamins have great nutrients that will boost your energy levels.
Calorie containing nutrients--fats, carbohydrates, and protein, are stored as fat if not used as energy by the body.
carbon
They help release energy stored in other nutrients.
From vitamins, nutrients, fats, and calories in foods.