Younger than the layer below it.
In general, rocks found in deeper layers are older than rocks found in shallower layers due to the principle of superposition, which states that younger rocks are usually on top of older rocks. This is based on the idea that sedimentary rock layers are deposited in chronological order over time.
The general term for a rock fragment is a sedimentary rock. This is taught in science.
Chalcedony
Sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone, shale, and limestone, are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments. These processes involve the pressure from overlying layers compacting sediments together, and minerals precipitating between particles to bind them into a solid rock.
The major rock type that covers most of the Earth's surface is sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and consolidation of sediments, such as sand, mud, and organic matter, over time. They can be found in layers or strata and often contain fossils.
older than the one above it
In general, rocks found in deeper layers are older than rocks found in shallower layers due to the principle of superposition, which states that younger rocks are usually on top of older rocks. This is based on the idea that sedimentary rock layers are deposited in chronological order over time.
As a general rule, the oldest rocks in a sedimentary sequence is at the bottom. The exceptions are sequences which have been turned upside-down, but this is rare.
The general term for a rock fragment is a sedimentary rock. This is taught in science.
gaseous and sedimentary
There are two types of age determinations. Geologists in the late 18th and early 19th century studied rock layers and the fossils in them to determine relative age. William Smith was one of the most important scientists from this time who helped to develop knowledge of the succession of different fossils by studying their distribution through the sequence of sedimentary rocks in southern England. It wasn't until well into the 20th century that enough information had accumulated about the rate of radioactive decay that the age of rocks and fossils in number of years could be determined through radiometric age dating.Principle of superposition: Younger sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of older sedimentary rocks.Principle of cross-cutting relations: Any geologic feature is younger than anything else that it cuts across.The dating of fossils was originally done by their placement in a geologic column of rock strata. Because of the Law of Superposition, the deeper the stratum, the older it is (in an undisturbed body of rock or sediment). Fossils which were evident in a particular stratum, but missing from other strata were noted as "index" fossils. The presence of these fossils indicated the age of the stratum relative to other layers. The layers of stratum were placed in a geologic column, subdivided, and assigned names based on the presence of different types of fossil organisms.This is the basis of "relative dating" of rock layers and fossils, a dating technique that was in effect until the advent of radiometric techniques in the twentieth century.
The general term for the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 is infinite sequence.
Younger layers are deposited on top of older layers, whether the layer is sedimentary or volcanic. Occasionally faults may result in overthrusts, where a series of older layers may be pushed over the top of younger layers. But this is rare. In general, the older layers will be the lower layers.
Chalcedony
To understand the paleo environments of the planet.
They look like perky nipples
It can have many different sizes. Only the largest giants are no longer main sequence stars.