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There were owners of large landed estates who farmed using slaves. There was long distance trade all over the empire which fostered the growth of urban economies based on artisanal manufacture for long distance trade. The heart of this trade was Italy which was the most highly urbanised part of the empire. Another great trading hub was the western coast of Turkey.

Rome became a huge city (estimated at 1-1.4 million) heavily dependent on importing large quantities of grain to feed its population. Half of this came from Egypt and other important areas were Tunisia, Sicily and Sardinia. Because of the large masses of the poor in the city, a grain dole was set up for them.

Many slaves captured after victorious battles were taken to Rome. Over time, the majority of Rome's population was made up of freedmen and their descendants.

An economic crisis in the 3rd century AD led to a collapse in trade and in the urban economy. Many people migrated to the country where they were employed by the large landlords as servile labour. Servile labour eventually replaced slave labour.

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