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What assumptions underlie the theories of specialization in international trade?
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
1. Full employment
2. Economic efficiency
3. Divisions of gains.
4. Two countries, Two commodities
5.Transport costs
6. Statics and dyamics.
7. Services.
8. Production networks.
9.Mobility
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
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What constitutional guarantees underlie the American free enterprise system?
The bill of rights to the united states constitution guarantees certain individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion which underlie the American free enterprise system.
What is the behavioral assumption of the modern financial-economic theory?
The behavioral assumption of the modern financial-economic theory runs counter to the ideas of trustworthiness, loyalty, fidelity, stewardship, and concern for others that underlie the traditional principal-agent relationship.
What are the objectives of business policy?
1. A specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources. In general, objectives are more specific and easier to measure than goals. Objectives are basic tools that underlie all planning and strategic activities. They serve as the basis for creating policy and evaluating performance. Some examples of business objectives include minimizing expenses, expanding internationally, or making a profit. 2. Neutral (bias free), relating to, or based on verifiable evidence or facts instead of on attitude, belief, or opinion. Opposite of subjective.
Factors influencing consumption function?
Factors determining consumption function Broadly speaking, there are two factors, which influence consumption function in the long run. They are 1. Subjective Factors.2. Objective factors. 1. Subjective factors:Subjective factors basically underlie and determine the form of the consumption; the subjective factors are internal or endogenous in nature. They mainly depend upon the personal decisions taken by the people. Keynes has listed eight main motives, which compel people to refrain from current spending. They are the motives of precaution, foresight, calculation, improvement, independence, enterprise, pride and avarice. In addition to these factors, he has also added a list of motives, which leads to consumption. "We could also draw up a corresponding list of motives to consumption such as enjoyment, short sightedness, generosity, miscalculation, ostentation and extravagance" Keynes. II. Objective factors Objective factors are those, which depends on merits and facts. In this case personal factors will not come into picture. The following are some of the important objective factors, which influence consumption. 1. Distribution of national income, 2. Fiscal Policy, 3. Money income, 4. Real income, 5. Price and wage level, 6.Changes in tastes and fashion, 7. Changes in expectations, 8. Windfall (Sudden) gains and losses, 9. The level of consumer Indebtedness, 10.Attitude towards thrift 11.Liquid assets, 12. Social and life insurances, 13. Rate of interest, 14. Business policies of corporations, 15 demonstration effect, 16. Changes in expectations, and 17 Installment buying, etc. The objective factors generally remain unchanged in the short period. Thus, propensity to consume in the short period is generally stable. It is because of this, Keynes places his reliance on investment for the purpose of increasing employment during depression.
How the planning process in dynamic and uncertain environment needs to be different from that of a more stable and predictable environment?
IntroductionPlanning is a management tool, period. As with any management tool, it is used for one purpose only: to help an organization do a better job - to focus its energy, to ensure that members of the organization are working toward the same goals, to assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. In short, planning is a disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future.Planning in dynamic EnvironmentA word by word dissection of this definition provides the key elements that underlie the meaning and success of a planning process: The process is because it involves preparing the best way to respond to the circumstances of the organization's environment, whether or not its circumstances are known in advance; nonprofits often must respond to dynamic and even hostile environments.The process is about planning because it involves intentionally setting goals (i.e., choosing a desired future) and developing an approach to achieving those goals. The process is disciplined in that it calls for a certain order and pattern to keep it focused and productive. The process raises a sequence of questions that helps planners examine experience, test assumptions, gather and incorporate information about the present, and anticipate the environment in which the organization will be working in the future.Finally, the process is about fundamental decisions and actions because choices must be made in order to answer the sequence of questions mentioned above. The plan is ultimately no more, and no less, than a set of decisions about what to do, why to do it, and how to do it. Because it is impossible to do everything that needs to be done in this world, planning implies that some organizational decisions and actions are more important than others - and that much of the strategy lies in making the tough decisions about what is most important to achieving organizational success.The planning can be complex, challenging, and even messy, but it is always defined by the basic ideas outlined above - and you can always return to these basics for insight into your own planning process.Planning in uncertain environmentThe uncertainty faced by a decision-maker in planning is compounded by an increasingly dynamic and uncertain environment. Organizations must be prepared to adapt even more to the influence of external forces. Most environments are dynamic and, consequently, rich in possible opportunities as well as possible threats to the organization. Therefore, the planner and policy maker cannot analyze the condition of the future environment by assuming that it will remain in a readily predictable state (i.e., in an orderly and incremental progression into the future). Three factors contribute to this sense of uncertainty:(a) a lack of information about environmental factors that would influence a given decision-making situation;(b) a lack of knowledge about the effects of an incorrect decision; and(c) the inability of the decision-maker to assess the probability that a given environmental factor will affect the success (or failure) of the organization or one of its subsystems in fulfilling its mission.Three step planning process will improve your planning in uncertain environment that will set the stage for improved resultsStrengthen your Organisation focus and processes without increasing costsThere are several areas that I consider Organisation's responsibility that are often short-changed when times are good. Extra time spent on understanding your customers and potential customers and how you communicate with them are excellent ways to maximize your business during tough times.Deliver Exceptional Customer serviceTighten your target focusLeverage your referral networkExpand your reach using effective, low-cost, electronic communicationAdd value and capacity to your infrastructureThere is no reason for your business to stop improving during this period. I often work with clients to make sure that their infrastructure is ready to accommodate growth. This work is usually done with and by vital employees who are often too busy to take care of the capacity and efficiencies available in their own areas.Search for ways to become more operationally efficientCapture intellectual property that will continue to add value for years to come.Build your management cohesiveness and sense of team.Insist on fact based analysis and decision processes. Get them training on analytical tools and processes.Lead through the crisis not to the crisisNone of us can predict the future but what we all know is that it is important to give your employees the confidence that they need to stay productive and focused on the opportunities this time provides for them. Your role as a leader is to keep them motivated and contributing.Focus on maintaining high levels of morale. Find the silver linings and communicate them to your employees.A Gallup poll reports that 50-70% of your employees look to you for cues on the organization's climate; your attitude and behavior is infectious: be positive, and your company will follow.People do their best in a positive state of mind: optimists have higher sales levels and lower turnover.Look beyond the crisis to a better day - Consider acquisitions of timid competitorsSet realistic expectations for everyone. Give all employees goals that they can reach.Don't be naïve and delay necessary cost savings measures. Prepare for a calendar driven implementation of a cost reduction effort. Be prepared to "Blast" your organization - Build the business from the ground up as if you were just launching the business - Be discreet but include key employees.Why planning process in dynamic and uncertain environment should be different in Stable environment?Answer is very simple, because in more stable and predictable environment possibility of long range planning is there; whereas in uncertain environment planning needs to be of short time and managers need to be very aware and vigilant to environment inside and outside the organization. In uncertain environment rules, regulations and policies fluctuate too much so ultimately organization has to adapt itself to environment. Planning implies that the approach is more short-term, and possibly reactive to a current situation. This process assumes that some aspects of the organization do not require intervention and seeks to find the problem areas that need improvement. Often this occurs when the environment is unstable and relatively unpredictable.Posted By: Aamish Waqas (amsh)
How long has psychoanalysis been around?
The theories that underlie psychoanalysis were worked out by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939),
What is the definition of value assumptions?
Value assumptions are beliefs or principles that underlie an individual's or society's understanding of what is important, desirable, or morally right. These assumptions shape a person's perception of the world and influence their decision-making processes.
What concepts or assumptions underlie the BCG growth share matrix?
n Relative market share determines the level of opportunity for investment. n Market growth shares determines the rate at which a business unit generates cash
What concepts or assumptions underlie the BCG growth-share matrix?
n Relative market share determines the level of opportunity for investment. n Market growth shares determines the rate at which a business unit generates cash
How do you use the word underlie in a sentence?
1The three key principle(s) that underlie the current system of human research protections include which of the following?
How do you use underlie in a sentence?
Underlie means to be under something or form the principles of something. For instance, a pond can be underlain with sand or rocks.
What is underlie?
also called pulse beat
Unwritten rules that underlie and are inherent in the fabric of society are?
morals
What structure needs to underlie all essays?
assertion support
Does permafrost underlie much of far northern North America?
yes
What are the four factors that underlie interpersonal attraction?
Proximity.Mere exposureSimilarity.Physical attractiveness
What are the principle of administration and organization that underlie effective organization?
please assist me to the question
