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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers
yes
why do small firms continue to exist despite competition from large firms
do firms operate at optimal scale
William Ouchi
downstream and upstream
Forward Linkages have the benefit of spill overs from upstream firms to downstream firms. Domestic firms benefit from MNEs vertical spillovers and competetion effect.
assembly upstream and downstream in ammetres
Upstream is where the flow is coming FROM . -Downstream is the direction it is going to.
Downstream
Downstream. The source of a river is always upstream.
upstream
The closer to th engine is upstream and the farther is downstream Before the cat upstream After the cat downstream.
Upstream and downstream systems are business terms that apply to the production process. The search for and extraction of raw materials refers to upstream. When these materials are processed refers to the downstream.
Upstream and downstream refers to the supply chain of an industry. For example, if you're looking at a distribution plant then the manufacture would be downstream and the retailer would be upstream. Events or processes that happen before whatever is being looked at is downstream and whatever happens after is upstream.
upstream
downstream from parent to subsidiary upstream from subsidiary to parent