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Surpluses and shortages are examples of disequilibrium because they occur when the quantity supplied does not equal the quantity demanded at a given price. A surplus arises when supply exceeds demand, leading to excess inventory, while a shortage occurs when demand surpasses supply, resulting in unmet consumer needs. Both situations indicate that the market is not in a state of balance, prompting adjustments in price or quantity to restore equilibrium. Ultimately, these imbalances signal the need for market corrections to align supply and demand.

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