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What is Gersh Budker's birthday?
Gersh Budker was born on May 1, 1918.
When was Gersh Budker born?
Gersh Budker was born on May 1, 1918.
When did Gersh Budker die?
Gersh Budker died on July 4, 1977 at the age of 59.
How old was Gersh Budker at death?
Gersh Budker died on July 4, 1977 at the age of 59.
How old is Gersh Budker?
Gersh Budker was born on May 1, 1918 and died on July 4, 1977. Gersh Budker would have been 59 years old at the time of death or 97 years old today.
What was Rachel Carson's first job?
She was a marine biologist and she was also a writer in her free time. She enjoyed writing from a remarkably young age. She thought she wanted to major in writing but in January 1928 she switched her major to Marine biology. She wrote about the environment and pesticides.
Which land animal has largest heart?
Based on all the evidence, it would appear a Rorqual(Fin or Blue Whale) would be in the top-hearted category, the heart of such a beast weighs 500lbs about that of a good sized Truck engine! and probably runs better too, no pollution control devices on these deep-sea pumps. The size figure is from M. Paul Budker, a French oceanographer, more accurately marine biologist, and a pen-pal of my Father, many years ago, Mr. Budker, a Frenchman had actually been on whaling expeditions, not the usual fare for a *Dry as dust* Museum scientist, as he remarked in his letters. While it is true that the Blue Whale has the largest heart of all mammals, as the question referred to "land" mammals, the answer is the giraffe. It requires such a large heart to sustain blood pressure through the long neck and into the brain.
Who are some great inventors?
Bruno Abakanowicz, (1852-1900), Poland/Lithuania/Russia/France - Integraph, spirographVitaly Abalakov, (1906-1986), Russia - camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchorHovannes Adamian, (1879-1932), Armenia/Russia - tricolor principle of the color televisionRobert Adler, (1913-2007), Austria/United States - wireless remote controlTurhan Alçelik (c. 2006), Turkey - non-glaring headlampAnatoly Alexandrov, (1903-1994), Russia - anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)Alexandre Alexeieff, (1901-1982) Russia/France - pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)Rostislav Alexeyev, (1916-1980), Russia - ekranoplanZhores Alferov, (1930), Russia - heterotransistor, continuous-wave-operating diode laser (together with Dmitri Garbuzov)Genrich Altshuller, (1926-1998), Russia - TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, (1872-1931), Germany - GyrocompassMary Anderson, (1866-1953), United States - windshield wiper bladeVasily Andreyev, (1861-1918), Russia - standard balalaikaOleg Antonov, (1906-1984), Russia - An-series aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft An-225)Nicolas Appert, (1749-1841), France - canning (airtight food preservation)Archimedes, (c. 287-212 BC), Greece - Archimedes' screwAmi Argand, (1750-1803), France - Argand lampEdwin H. Armstrong,(1890-1954), U.S. - FM radioWilliam George Armstrong, (1810-1900), UK - hydraulic craneNeil Arnott, (1788-1874), UK - waterbedLev Artsimovich, (1909-1973), Russia - tokamakAl-Ashraf, (fl. 1282-1296), Yemen - dry compassJoseph Aspdin, (1788-1855), England - Portland cementJohn Vincent Atanasoff, (1903-1995),Bulgaria/U.S. - modern digital computerCharles Babbage, (1791-1871), UK - analytical engine (semi-automatic computer)Roger Bacon, (1214-1292), England - magnifying glassLeo Baekeland, (1863-1944), Belgian-American - Velox photographic paper and BakeliteRalph H. Baer, (1922-), German born American - video game consoleAbd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, (1162-1231), Iraq/Egypt - ventilatorJohn Logie Baird, (1888-1946), Scotland - an electromechanical television, electronic color televisionIbn al-Baitar, (d. 1248), Islamic Spain - three hundred drugs and foods, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, Hindiba, pharmacopoeiaAbi Bakr of Isfahan, (c. 1235), Persia/Iran - mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar analog computerDonat Banki, (1859-1922), Hungary - inventor of the carburetorVladimir Baranov-Rossine, (1888-1944), Ukraine/Russia/France - Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflageJohn Barber, (1734-1801), England - gas turbineJohn Bardeen, (1908-1991), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistorVladimir Barmin, (1909-1993), Russia - first rocket launch complex (spaceport)Anthony R. Barringer, Canada/U.S. - INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic systemEarl W. Bascom, (1906-1995), Canada/U.S. - side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chapsNikolay Basov, (1922-2001), Russia - co-inventor of laser and maserIbn Bassal, (fl.1038-1075), Islamic Spain - flywheel, flywheel-driven noria, flywheel-driven saqiya chain pumpMuhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria/Turkey - observation tubeEugen Baumann, (1846-1896), Germany - PVCTrevor Baylis, (1937-), UK - a wind-up radioFrancis Beaufort, (1774-1857), France - Beaufort scaleErnest Beaux, (1881-1961), Russia/France - Chanel No. 5Arnold O. Beckman, (1900-2004), U.S. - pH meterUlugh Beg, 1394-1449, Persia/Iran - Fakhri sextant, mural sextantVladimir Bekhterev, (1857-1927), Russia - Bekhterev's MixtureAlexander Graham Bell, (1847-1922), Canada, Scotland, and U.S. - telephoneKarl Benz, (1844-1929), Germany - the petrol-powered automobileAlexander Bereznyak, (1912-1974), Russia - first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)Georgy Beriev, (1903-1979), Georgia/Russia - Be-series amphibious aircraftEmile Berliner, (1851-1929), Germany and U.S. - the disc record gramophoneNikolay Benardos, (1842-1905), Russia - arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)Tim Berners-Lee, (1955-), UK - with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide WebAbu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, (955-996), Egypt - airmail, homing pigeonBi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇), (ca. 990-1051), China - clay movable type printingGerd Binnig, (1947-), Germany - with Heinrich Rohrer, scanning tunneling microscopeLaszlo Biro, (1899-1985), Hungary - modern ballpoint penClarence Birdseye, (1886-1956), U.S. - frozen food processAbū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, (973-1048), Persia/Iran - mechanical geared lunisolar calendar analog computer, fixed-wired knowledge processing machine, conical measure, laboratory flask, Orthographical astrolabe, hodometer, pycnometerJ. Stuart Blackton, (1875-1941), U.S. - stop-motion filmOtto Blathy (1860-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogeneratorFyodor Blinov, (1827-1902), Russia - first tracked vehicle, steam-powered continuous track tractorKatharine B. Blodgett, (1898-1979), UK - nonreflective glassAlan Blumlein, (1903-1942), England - stereoNils Bohlin, (1920-2002), Sweden - the three-point seat beltJoseph-Armand Bombardier, (1907-1964), Canada - snowmobileSam Born, Russia/U.S. - lollipop-making machineSatyendra Nath Bose, (1894-1974), India - work on gas-like properties of electromagnetic radiation, Boson and providing foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein CondensateJagdish Chandra Bose, (1858-1937), India - CrescographGeorge de Bothezat, (1882-1940), Russia/U.S. - quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus)Robert W. Bower, (1936-), U.S. - self-aligned-gate MOSFETSeth Boyden, (1788-1870), U.S. - nail-making machineWalter Houser Brattain, (1902-1987), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistorLouis Braille, (1809-1852), France - the Braille writing systemJacques E. Brandenberger, (1872-1954), Switzerland - CellophaneÉdouard Branly, (1844-1940), France - the coherer, the first widely used detector for radio communication.Karl Ferdinand Braun, (1850-1918), Germany - cathode-ray tube oscilloscopeHarry Brearley, (1871-1948), UK - stainless steelSergey Brin, (1973-), Russia/U.S. - with Larry Page invented Google web search engineMikhail Britnev, (1822-1889), Russia - first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot)Rachel Fuller Brown, (1898-1980), U.S. - Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibioticJohn Moses Browning, (1855-1926), U.S. - automatic handgun[disambiguation needed]Maria Christina Bruhn, (1732-1802), SwedenNikolay Brusentsov, (born 1925), Russia - ternary computer (Setun)Edwin Beard Budding, (1795-1846), UK - lawnmowerGersh Budker, (1918-1977), Russia - electron cooling, co-inventor of colliderCorliss Orville Burandt, U.S. - Variable valve timingHenry Burden,(1791-1871) Scotland and U.S. - Horseshoe machine (made 60 horse shoes in a minute), first usable Iron Railed road spike, and builder of the most powerful waterwheel in history "Niagara of Water-Wheels"Richard James Burgess, U.K. - Simmons (electronic drum company), co-inventor of SDS5 drum synthesizerAleksandr Butlerov, (1828-1886), Russia - hexamine, formaldehydeCRobert Cailliau, (1947-), Belgium - with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide WebC`ai Lun, 蔡倫 (50-121 AD), China - paperMarvin Camras, (1916-1995), U.S. - magnetic recordingChester Carlson, (1906-1968), U.S. - XerographyWallace Carothers, (1896-1937), U.S. - NylonGeorge Washington Carver, (1864-1943), U.S. - Peanut ButterHezarfen Ahmet Celebi, (fl.1630-1632), Turkey - long-distance flight, artificial wingsLagari Hasan Celebi, (1633), Turkey - first manned rocket flightJoseph Constantine Carpue, (1764-1846), France - rhinoplastic surgeryGeorge Cayley, (1773-1857), UK - glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar trackRoxey Ann Caplin, (1793-1888), UK - CorsetsDennis Charter, (1952-), Australia - secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafeVladimir Chelomey, (1914-1984), Russia - first space station (Salyut), Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)Pavel Cherenkov, (1904-1990), Russia - Cherenkov detectorAdrian Chernoff, (1971-), U.S. - GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber BanditsEvgeniy Chertovsky, (1902-), Russia - pressure suitAlexander Chizhevsky, (1897-1964), Russia - air ionizerAndrey Chokhov, (c. 1545-1629), Russia - Tsar CannonNiels Christensen (1865-1952), U.S. - O-ringSamuel Hunter Christie, (1784-1865), UK - Wheatstone bridgeJuan de la Cierva, (1895-1936), Spain - the autogyroAlexandru Ciurcu, (1854-1922), Romania - Reaction engineGeorges Claude, (1870-1960), France - neon lampHenri Coandă, (1886-1972), Romania - Jet engineJosephine Cochrane, (1839-1913), U.S. - dishwasherChristopher Cockerell, (1910-1999), UK - HovercraftAeneas Coffey, (1780-1852), Ireland - heat exchanger, Coffey stillSir Henry Cole, (1808-1882), England - Christmas cardSamuel Colt, (1814-1862), U.S. - RevolverGeorge Constantinescu, (1881-1965), Romania - Interrupter gearLloyd Groff Copeman, (1865-1956), U.S. - Electric stoveCornelis Corneliszoon, (1550-1607), The Netherlands - sawmillJacques Cousteau, (1910-1997), France - co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater cameraThomas Crapper, (1836-1910), England - ballcock (toilet valve)Bartolomeo Cristofori, (1655-1731), Italy - pianoJános Csonka, (1852-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of carburetorNicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (1725-1804), France - first steam-powered road vehicleWilliam Cumberland Cruikshank, (1745-1800), UK - chlorinated waterWilliam Cullen, (1710-1790), UK - first artificial refrigeratorGlenn Curtiss, (1878-1930), U.S. - aileronsDGustaf Dalén, (1869-1937), Sweden - AGA cooker; Dalén light; AgamassanSalvino D'Armate, (1258-1312), Italy - credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284Leonardo da Vinci, (1452-1519), Italy - conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed during his lifetime. Some that were used are an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wireCorradino D'Ascanio, (1891-1981), Italy - D'AT3 helicopter; Vespa scooterJacob Davis, (1868-1908), U.S. - riveted jeansEdmund Davy, (1785-1857), Ireland - acetyleneHumphry Davy, (1778-1829), UK - Davy miners lampJoseph Day, (1855-1946), UK - the crankcase-compression two-stroke engineLee DeForest, (1873-1961), U.S. - triodeVasily Degtyaryov, (1880-1949), Russia - first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov AvtomatAkinfiy Demidov, (1678-1745), Russia - co-developer of rebar, cast iron dome, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk)Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, (1927-2006), Russia - 3D holographyMiksa Deri (1854-1938), Hungary - co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformerJames Dewar, (1842-1923), UK - Thermos flaskAleksandr Dianin, (1851-1918), Russia - Bisphenol A, Dianin's compoundWilliam Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860-1935), UK - motion picture cameraPhilip Diehl, (1847-1913), U.S. - Ceiling fan, electric sewing machineRudolf Diesel, (1858-1913), Germany - Diesel engineAl-Dinawari, (828-896), Persia/Iran - more than a hundred plant drugsWilliam H. Dobelle, (1943-2004), United States - first functioning artificial eyeRay Dolby, (1933-), U.S. - Dolby noise-reduction systemMikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, (1862-1919),Poland/Russia - three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)Nikolay Dollezhal, (1899-2000),Russia - AM-1 reactor for the 1st nuclear power plant, other RBMK reactors, VVER pressurized water reactorsBryan Donkin, (1768-1855), UK - print industry composition rollerHub van Doorne, (1900-1979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmissionAnastase Dragomir, (1896-1966), Romania - Ejection seatKarl Drais, (1785-1851), Germany - dandy horse (Draisine)Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), The Netherlands - first navigable submarineRichard Drew, (1899-1980), U.S. - Masking tapeJohn Boyd Dunlop, (1840-1921) UK - first practical pneumatic tyreCyril Duquet, (1841-1922) Canada - Telephone handsetAlexey Dushkin, (1904-1977), Russia - deep column stationJames Dyson, (1947- ) UK - Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.EGeorge Eastman, (1854-1932), U.S. - roll filmThomas Edison, (1847-1931), U.S. - phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, stock ticker, ticker-tape machine etc.Willem Einthoven, (1860-1927), The Netherlands - the electrocardiogramIvan Elmanov, Russia - first monorail (horse-drawn)Rune Elmqvist, (1906-1996), Sweden - implantable pacemakerJohn Haven Emerson, (1906-1997), U.S. - iron lungDouglas Engelbart, (1925-), U.S. - the computer mouseJohn Ericsson, (1803-1889), Sweden - the two screw-propellerLars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), Sweden - the handheld micro telephoneOle Evinrude, (1877-1934), Norway - outboard motorFPeter Carl Fabergé, (1846-1920), Russia - Fabergé EggsSamuel Face, (1923-2001), U.S. - concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning SwitchFederico Faggin, (1941-), Italy - microprocessorMichael Faraday, (1791-1867), England - electric transformer, electric motorJohann Maria Farina, (1685-1766), Germany; Eau de ColognePhilo Farnsworth, (1906-1971), U.S. - electronic televisionMuhammad al-Fazari, (d. 796/806), Persia/Iran/Iraq - brass astrolabeJames Fergason, (1934-), U.S. - improved liquid crystal displayEnrico Fermi, (1901-1954), Italy - nuclear reactorHumberto Fernández Morán, (1924-1999), Venezuela - Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtomeReginald Fessenden, (1866-1932), Canada - two-way radioAdolf Gaston Eugen Fick, (1829-1901), Germany - contact lensFatima al-Fihri, (c. 859), Tunisia/Morocco - universityAbbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), (810-887), Al-Andalus - eye glasses, artificial wings, watch, fused quartz and silica glass, artificial thunder and lightning, metronomeArtur Fischer, (1919-) Germany - fasteners including fischertechnik.Gerhard Fischer, Germany/U.S. - hand-held metal detectorNicolas Florine, (1891-1972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium - first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freelyRobert Fulton, (1765-1815), United States - first commercially successful steamboat, first practical submarineAlexander Fleming, (1881-1955), Scotland - penicillinJohn Ambrose Fleming, (1848-1945), England - vacuum diodeSandford Fleming, (1827-1915), Canada - Universal Standard TimeTommy Flowers, (1905-1998), England - Colossus an early electronic computer.Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, (1819-1868), France - Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy currentBenoît Fourneyron, (1802-1867), France - water turbineJohn Fowler, (1826-1864), England - steam-driven ploughing engineBenjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), U.S. - the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonicaAugustin-Jean Fresnel, (1788-1827), France - Fresnel lensWilliam Friese-Greene, (1855-1921), England - cinematographyBuckminster Fuller, (1895-1983), U.S. - geodesic domeIvan Fyodorov, (c. 1510-1583), Russia/Poland-Lithuania - invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in RussiaSvyatoslav Fyodorov, (1927-2000), Russia - radial keratotomyVladimir Fyodorov, (1874-1966), Russia - Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)Agapito Flores - Flourescent LampGDennis Gabor, (1900-1979), UK - holographyBoris Borisovich Galitzine, (1862-1916), Russia - electromagnetic seismographDmitri Garbuzov, (1940-2006), Russia/U.S. - continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasersElmer R. Gates, (1859-1923), USA - foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")Richard J. Gatling, (1818-1903), U.S. - wheat drill, first successful machine gunGeorgy Gause, (1910-1986), Russia - gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibioticsE. K. Gauzen, Russia - three bolt equipment (early diving costume)Hans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882-1945), Germany - Geiger counterAndrey Geim, (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom - grapheneNestor Genko, (1839-1904), Russia - Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)Henri Giffard, (1825-1882), France - powered airship, injectorValentyn Glushko, (1908-1989), Russia - hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170)Heinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany - incandescent lampLeonid Gobyato, (1875-1915), Russia - first modern man-portable mortarRobert Goddard, (1882-1945), U.S. - liquid fuel rocketIgor Gorynin, (1926), Russia - weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steelsPeter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary - vinyl record (LP), CBS color televisionCharles Goodyear, (1800-1860), U.S. - vulcanization of rubberGordon Gould, (1920-2005), U.S. - co-inventor of laserRichard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England - ship's hull and riggingBoris Grabovsky, (1901-1966), Russia - cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tubeBette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), U.S. - Liquid PaperJames Henry Greathead, (1844-1896), South Africa - tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield techniqueChester Greenwood, (1858-1937), U.S. - thermal earmuffsJames Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland - Gregorian telescopeWilliam Robert Grove, (1811-1896), Wales - fuel cellOtto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany - vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeterJoseph-Ignace Guillotin, (1738-1814), France - Guillotine, a device for human decapitationMikhail Gurevich, (1893-1976), Russia - MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)Hakan Gürsu, (c. 2007), Turkey - VolitanJohann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s-1468), Germany - movable type printing pressSamuel Guthrie, (1782-1848), U.S. - discovered chloroformHJohn Hadley, (1682-1744), England - OctantWaldemar Haffkine, (1860-1930), Russia/Switzerland - first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccinesTracy Hall, (1919-2008 ), U.S. - synthetic diamondJohn Hays Hammond, Jr., (1888-1965), U.S. - radio controlJames Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England - spinning jennyJohn Harington, (1561-1612), England - the flush toiletJohn Harrison, (1693-1776), England - marine chronometerVictor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden - invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex cameraIbn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (965-1039), Iraq - camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glassGeorge H. Heilmeier, (1936-), U.S. - liquid crystal display (LCD)Robert A. Heinlein, (1907-1988), U.S. - waterbedJozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia - the water pillarRudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany - the HellschreiberJoseph Henry, (1797-1878), Scotland/U.S. - electromagnetic relayHeron, (c. 10-70), Roman Egypt - usually credited with invention of the aeolipile, although it may have been described a century earlierJohn Herschel, (1792-1871), England - photographic fixer (hypo), actinometerWilliam Herschel, (1738-1822), England - infraredHeinrich Hertz, (1857-1894), Germany - radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiationGeorge de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary - radioactive tracerRowland Hill, (1795-1879), UK - postage stampMaurice Hilleman, (1919-2005) - vaccines against childhood diseasesTed Hoff, (1937-), U.S. - microprocessorFelix Hoffmann (Bayer), (1868-1949), Germany - AspirinHerman Hollerith, (1860-1929), U.S. - recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cardsNick Holonyak, (1928- ), U.S. - LED (Light Emitting Diode)Robert Hooke, (1635-1703), England - balance wheel, iris diaphragmErna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), U.S. - computerized telephone switching systemFrank Hornby, (1863-1936), England - invented MeccanoCoenraad Johannes van Houten, (1801-1887), Netherlands - cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milkElias Howe, (1819-1867), U.S. - sewing machineMuhammad Husayn, (fl.17th century), Persia/Iran - cartographic Qibla indicator with sundial and compassChristiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), Netherlands - pendulum clockJohn Wesley Hyatt, (1837-1920), U.S. - celluloid manufacturing.ISumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan - Carbon nanotubesGavriil Ilizarov, (1921-1992), Russia - Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesisSergey Ilyushin, (1894-1977), Russia - Il-series aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary - noiseless matchAleksei Isaev, (1908-1971), Russia - first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)Ub Iwerks, (1901-1971), U. S. - Multiplane camera for animationJJabir ibn Aflah (Geber), (c. 1100-1150), Islamic Spain - portable celestial globeJābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), (c. 721-815), Persia/Iran - pure distillation, liquefaction, purification, retort, mineral acids, nitric and sulfuric acids, hydrochloric acid, aqua regia, alum, alkali, borax, pure sal ammoniac, lead carbonatic, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, pure mercury and sulfur, plated mailMoritz von Jacobi, (1801-1874), Germany/Russia - electrotyping, electric boatKarl Guthe Jansky, (1905-1950), U.S. - radio telescopeKarl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany - aeroplaneAl-Jazari, (1136-1206), Iraq - crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkageIbn Al-Jazzar (Algizar), (c. 898-980), Tunisia - sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugsSteve Jobs, (1955-2011), U.S. - Apple Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone, iPad and countless other devices and software operating systems and applicationsGyörgy Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary - turbopropCharles Francis Jenkins, (1867-1934) - television and movie projector (Phantoscope)Carl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden - Gauge blocksJohan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden - the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spannerNancy Johnson, U.S. - American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)Scott A. Jones, (1960-), U.S. - created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine.Whitcomb Judson, (1836-1909), U.S. - zipperKMikhail Kalashnikov, (1919-), Russia - AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (the most produced ever)[1]Dean Kamen, (1951-), U.S. - Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility DeviceHeike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), Netherlands - liquid heliumNikolay Kamov, (1902-1973), Russia - armored battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicoptersPyotr Kapitsa, (1894-1984), Russia - first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventionsGeorgii Karpechenko, (1899-1941), Russia - rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)Jamshīd al-Kāshī, (c. 1380-1429), Persia/Iran - plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computerYevgeny Kaspersky, (1965-), Russia - Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus productsAdolphe Kégresse, (1879-1943), France/Russia - Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual clutch transmissionMstislav Keldysh, (1911-1978), Latvia/Russia - co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and TikhonravovJohn Harvey Kellogg, (1852-1943), cornflake breakfastsJohn George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary - co-inventor of BASICAlexander Kemurdzhian, (1921-2003), Russia - first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)Kerim Kerimov, (1917-2003), Azerbaijan and Russia - co-developer of human spaceflight, space dock, space stationCharles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), U.S. - invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and moreKaldi, (fl.9th century), Ethiopia - coffeeFazlur Khan, (1929-1982), Bangladesh - structural systems for high-rise skyscrapersYulii Khariton, (1904-1996), Russia - chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar BombAnatoly Kharlampiev, (1906-1979), Russia - Sambo (martial art)Al-Khazini, (fl.1115-1130), Persia/Iran - hydrostatic balanceKonstantin Khrenov, (1894-1984), Russia - underwater weldingAbu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 940-1000), Persia/Iran - astronomical sextantMuhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), Persia/Iran - modern algebra, mural instrument, horary quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow squareErhard Kietz, (1909-1982), Germany & U.S.A. - signal improvements for video transmissions Erhard Kietz PatentsJack Kilby, (1923-2005), U.S. - patented the first integrated circuitAl-Kindi (Alkindus), (801-873), Iraq/Yemen - ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysisFritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany - vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chlorideMargaret E. Knight, (1838-1914), U.S. - machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bagsIvan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Armenia/Russia - capron, Nylon 6, polyamide-6Robert Koch, (1843-1910), Germany - method for culturing bacteria on solid mediaWillem Johan Kolff, (1911-2009), Netherlands - artificial kidney hemodialysis machineRudolf Kompfner, (1909-1977), U.S. - Traveling-wave tubeKonstantin Konstantinov, (1817 or 1819-1871), Russia - device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machineSergey Korolyov, (1907-1966), Ukraine/Russia - first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok program (including the first human spaceflight)Nikolai Korotkov, (1874-1920), Russia - auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurementSemen Korsakov, (1787-1853), Russia - punched card for information storageMikhail Koshkin, (1898-1940), Russia - T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II[2]Ognjeslav Kostović, (1851-1916), Serbia/Russia - arborite (high-strength plywood, an early plastic)Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia - knapsack parachute, drogue parachuteAlexei Krylov, (1863-1945), Russia - gyroscopic damping of shipsIvan Kulibin, (1735-1818), Russia - egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing, an early optical telegraphIgor Kurchatov, (1903-1960), Russia - first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface shipsRaymond Kurzweil, (1948-), Optical character recognition; flatbed scannerStephanie Kwolek, (1923-), U.S. - KevlarJohn Howard Kyan (1774-1850), Ireland - The process of Kyanization used for wood preservationLDmitry Lachinov, (1842-1902), Russia - mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, elecrolyserRené Laënnec, (1781-1826), France - stethoscopeLala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globeGeorges Lakhovsky, (1869-1942), Russia/U.S. - Multiple Wave OscillatorHedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and U.S. - Spread spectrum radioEdwin H. Land, (1909-1991), U.S. - Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land CameraSamuel P. Langley, (1834-1906), U.S. - bolometerIrving Langmuir, (1851-1957), U.S. - gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen weldingLewis Latimer, (1848-1928), - Invented the modern day light bulbGustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden - invented the milk separator and the milking machineSemyon Lavochkin, (1900-1960), Russia - La-series aircraft, first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 BerkutJohn Bennet Lawes, (1814-1900), England - superphosphate or chemical fertilizerNikolai Lebedenko, Russia - Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in historySergei Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia - commercially viable synthetic rubberAntoni van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), Netherlands - development of the microscopeJean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (1822-1900), Belgium - internal combustion engine, motorboatR. G. LeTourneau, (1888-1969), U.S.- electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapersWillard Frank Libby, (1908-1980), U.S. - radiocarbon datingJustus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany - nitrogen-based fertilizerOtto Lilienthal, (1848-1896), Germany - hang gliderFrans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden - Kerosene stove operated by compressed airHans Lippershey, (1570-1619), Netherlands - telescopeLisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, Russia - samovar (the first documented makers)William Howard Livens, (1889-1964), England - chemical warfare - Livens Projector.Alexander Lodygin, (1847-1923), Russia - electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filamentMikhail Lomonosov, (1711-1765), Russia - night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-invented smaltYury Lomonosov, (1876-1952), Russia/United Kingdom - first successful mainline diesel locomotiveAleksandr Loran, (1849 - after 1911), Russia - fire fighting foam, foam extinguisherOleg Losev, (1903-1942), Russia - light-emitting diode, crystadineArchibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain - Pioneer of radio guidance systemsAuguste and Louis Lumière, France - CinématographeGleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, (1909-2001), Russia - Buran (spacecraft), Spiral projectIgnacy Łukasiewicz, (1822-1882), Poland - modern kerosene lampGiovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) - self-propelled torpedoAli Kashmiri ibn Luqman, (fl.1589-1590), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globeArkhip Lyulka, (1908-1984), Russia - first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft enginesMMa Jun, (c. 200-265), China - South Pointing Chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk loomsAleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany - Orbitrap mass spectrometerStepan Makarov, (1849-1904), Russia - Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack iceNestor Makhno, (1888-1934), Ukraine/Russia - tachankaCharles Macintosh, (1766-1843), Scotland - waterproof raincoat, life vestVictor Makeev, (1924-1985), Russia - first submarine-launched ballistic missileDmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, (1896-1964), Russia - Maksutov telescopeSergey Malyutin, (1859-1937), Russia - designed the first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily Zvyozdochkin)Al-Ma'mun, (786-833), Iraq - singing bird automata, terrestrial globeBoris Mamyrin, (1919-2007), Russia - reflectron (ion mirror)George William Manby, (1765-1854), England - Fire extinguisherGuglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy - radio telegraphyJohn Landis Mason, (1826-1902), U.S. - Mason jarsHenry Maudslay, (1771-1831), England - screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometerAmmar ibn Ali al-Mawsili, (9th century), Iraq - syringe, hypodermic needle, cataract extraction, injection, suctionHiram Maxim, (1840-1916), USA born, England - First self-powered machine gunJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and Thomas Sutton Scotland - color photographyStanley Mazor, (1941-), U.S. - microprocessorJohn McAdam, (1756-1836), Scotland - improved "macadam" road surfaceElijah McCoy, (1843-1929), Canada - Displacement lubricatorIlya Ilyich Mechnikov, (1845-1916), Russia - probioticsHippolyte Mège-Mouriés, (1817-1880), France - margarineDmitri Mendeleev, (1834-1907), Russia - Periodic table, pycnometer, pyrocollodion, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)Antonio Meucci, (1808-1889), Italy - telephone (prototype)Édouard Michelin, (1859-1940), France - pneumatic tireAnthony Michell, (1870-1959), Australia - tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless engineArtem Mikoyan, (1905-1970), Armenia/Russia - MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich)Alexander Mikulin, (1895-1985), Russia - Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar TankMikhail Mil, (1909-1970), Russia - Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)Pavel Molchanov, (1893-1941), Russia - radiosondeJules Montenier, (c. 1910), U.S. - modern anti-perspirant deodorantMontgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France - hot-air balloonJohn J. Montgomery, (1858-1911), U.S. - heavier-than-air glidersNarcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain - steam powered submarineRobert Moog, (1934-2005), U.S. - the Moog synthesizerSamuel Morey, (1762-1843), U.S. - internal combustion engineGarrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), U.S. - inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal.Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), U.S. - telegraphAlexander Morozov, (1904-1979), Russia - T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, (1849-1902), Russia - Mosin-Nagant rifleMotorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s - 1735) and his son Mikhail Ivanovich (?-1750), Russia - Tsar BellVera Mukhina, (1889-1953), Russia - welded sculptureAl-Muqaddasi, (c. 946-1000), Palestine - restaurantIbn Khalaf al-Muradi, (fl.11th century), Islamic Spain - geared mechanical clock, segmental gear, epicyclic gearingWilliam Murdoch, (1754-1839), Scotland - Gas lightingJozef Murgas, (1864-1929), Slovakia - inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)Evgeny Murzin, (1914-1970), Russia - ANS synthesizerBanū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800-873), Ahmad (803-873), Al-Hasan (810-873), Iraq - mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machinePieter van Musschenbroek, (1692-1761), Netherlands - Leyden jar, pyrometerEadweard Muybridge, (1830-1904), England - motion pictureFe del Mundo,(1941), The Philippines - medical incubator made out of bamboo for use in rural communities without electrical powerAlexander Nadiradze, (1914-1987), Georgia/Russia - first mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), first reliable mobile ICBM (RT-2PM Topol)John Napier, (1550-1617), Scotland - logarithmsJames Naismith, (1861-1939), Canadian born, USA - invented basketball and American football helmetYoshiro Nakamatsu, (b. 1928), Japan - floppy disk, "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meterAndrey Nartov, (1683-1756), Russia - first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sightJames Nasmyth, (1808-1890), Scotland - steam hammerNebuchadrezzar II, (c. 630-562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw, screwpumpTed Nelson, (1937-), USA - Hypertext, HypermediaSergey Nepobedimiy, (1921-), Russia - first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponryJohn von Neumann, (1903-1957), Hungary - Von Neumann computer architectureIsaac Newton,(1642-1727), England - reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)Joseph Nicephore Niépce, (1765-1833), France - photographyNikolai Nikitin, (1907-1973), Russia - prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000)Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, (1860-1940), Germany - Nipkow diskJun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan - Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diodeAlfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden - dynamiteLudvig Nobel, (1831-1888), Sweden/Russia - first successful oil tankerJean-Antoine Nollet, (1700-1770), France - ElectroscopeCarl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden - the blowtorchOTheophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden/Russia - the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculatorRansom Eli Olds, (1864-11950), United States - Assembly lineLucien Olivier, (1838-1883), Belgium or France / Russia - Russian salad (Olivier salad)J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904-1967), United States - Atomic bombEdward Otho Cresap Ord, II, (1858-1923) American - weapon sights & miningHans Christian Ørsted, (1777-1851), Denmark - electromagnetism, aluminiumElisha Otis, (1811-1861), U.S. - passenger elevator with safety deviceWilliam Oughtred, (1575-1660), England - slide ruleLarry Page, (1973-), U.S. - with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engineAlexey Pajitnov, (born 1956), Russia/U.S. - TetrisHelge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden - the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gunDaniel David Palmer, (1845-1913), Canada - chiropracticLuigi Palmieri, (1807-1896), Italy - seismometerAlexander Parkes, (1831-1890), England - celluloidCharles Algernon Parsons, (1854-1931), British - steam turbineSpede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland - ski jumping slingBlaise Pascal, (1623-1662), France - Pascal's calculatorGustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden - safety matchLes Paul, (1915-2009), U.S. - multitrack recordingNicolae Paulescu, (1869-1931), Romania - insulinIvan Pavlov, (1849-1936), Russia, - classical conditioningJohn Pemberton, (1831-1888), U.S. - Coca-ColaSlavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia - mechanical pencilHenry Perky, (1843-1906), U.S. - shredded wheatStephen Perry, England - rubber bandVladimir Petlyakov, (1891-1942), Russia - heavy bomberPeter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria - digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instrumentsFritz Pfleumer, (1881-1945), Germany - magnetic tapeNikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, (1810-1881), Russia - early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operationsFyodor Pirotsky, (1845-1898), Russia - electric tramArthur Pitney, (1871-1933), United States - postage meterJoseph Plateau, (1801-1883), Belgium - phenakistiscope (stroboscope)Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden - gas absorption refrigeratorJames Leonard Plimpton, U.S. - roller skatesIvan Plotnikov, (1902-1995), Russia - kirza leatherPetrache Poenaru, (1799-1875), Romania - fountain penChristopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden - the modern padlockNikolai Polikarpov, (1892-1944), Russia - Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik[disambiguation needed] (world's most produced biplane)Ivan Polzunov, (1728-1766), Russia - first two-cylinder steam engineMikhail Pomortsev, (1851-1916), Russia - nephoscopeOlivia Poole, (1889-1975), U.S., - the Jolly Jumper baby harnessAlexander Popov, (1859-1906), Russia - lightning detector (the first lightning prediction system and radio receiver), co-inventor of radioNikolay Popov, (1931-2008), Russia - first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80)Aleksandr Porokhovschikov, (1892-1941), Russia - Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first caterpillar amphibious ATV)Valdemar Poulsen, (1869-1942), Denmark - magnetic wire recorder, arc converterJoseph Priestley, (1733-1804), England - soda waterAlexander Procofieff de Seversky, 1894-1974, Russia/United States of America - first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refuelingAlexander Prokhorov, (1916-2002), Russia - co-inventor of laser and maserPetro Prokopovych, (1775-1850), Ukraine/Russia - early beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping noveltiesSergey Prokudin-Gorsky, (1863-1944), Russia/France - early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion picturesGeorge Pullman, (1831-1897), U.S. - Pullman sleep wagonMichael I. Pupin, (1858-1935), Serbia - pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillatorTivadar Puskas, (1844-1893), Hungary - telephone exchangeRMario Rabinowitz, (1936-), U.S. - solar concentrator with tracking micromirrorsHasan al-Rammah, (fl.1270s), Syria - purified potassium nitrate, explosive gunpowder, torpedoHarun al-Rashid, (763-809), Persia/Iran - public hospital, medical schoolMuhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), (865-965), Persia/Iran - distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, sodium hydroxideAlec Reeves, (1902-1971), UK -- Pulse-code modulationKarl von Reichenbach, (1788-1869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenolIra Remsen, (1846-1927), U.S. - saccharinRalf Reski, (* 1958), Germany - Moss bioreactor 1998Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia - ship propellerCharles Francis Richter, (1900-1985), U.S. - Richter magnitude scaleAdolph Rickenbacker, (1886-1976), Switzerland - Electric guitarHyman George Rickover, (1900-1986), U.S. - Nuclear submarineJohn Roebuck, (1718-1794) England - lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesisHeinrich Rohrer, (1933-), Switzerland - with Gerd Binnig, scanning tunneling microscopePeter I the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov), Tsar and Emperor of Russia, (1672-1725), Russia - decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany - the X-ray machineIda Rosenthal, (1886-1973), Belarus/Russia/United States - modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)Boris Rosing, (1869-1933), Russia - CRT television (first TV system using CRT on the receiving side)Eugene Roshal, (born 1972), Russia - FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiverErnő Rubik, (1944-), Hungary - Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's ClockErnst Ruska, (1906-1988), Germany - electron microscopeAlexander Sablukov, (1783-1857), Russia - centrifugal fanŞerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu, (1385-1468), Turkey - illustrated surgical atlasAndrei Sakharov, (1921-1989), Russia - invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developed the Tsar Bomb and tokamakIbn Samh, (c. 1020), Middle East - mechanical geared astrolabeFranz San Galli, (1824-1908), Poland/Russia (Italian and German descent) - radiator, modern central heatingAlberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil - non-rigid airship and airplaneArthur William Savage, (1857-1938) - radial tires, gun magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifleThomas Savery, (1650-1715), England - steam engineAdolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium - saxophoneBela Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary - diphtheria testPavel Schilling, (1780-1836), Estonia/Russia - first electromagnetic telegraph, mine with an electric fuseMasatoshi Shima, (1943-), Japan - microprocessorChristian Schnabel (1878-1936), German - simplistic food cutleriesKees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946- ), Netherlands - Major contributor to development of Compact DiscAugust Schrader, U.S. - Schrader valve for Pneumatic tireDavid Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, - rigid ship, later called ZeppelinMarc Seguin, (1786-1875), France - wire-cable suspension bridgeSennacherib, (705-681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw pumpIwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/U.S. - inventor of the Moviola for film editingMark Serrurier, (190?-1988), U.S. - Serrurier truss for Optical telescopesGerhard Sessler, (1931-), Germany - foil electret microphone, silicon microphoneGuy Severin, (1926-2008), Russia - extra-vehicular activity supporting systemLeonty Shamshurenkov, (1687-1758), Russia - first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledgeIbn al-Shatir, (1304-1375), Syria - "jewel box" device which combined a compass with a universal sundialShen Kuo, (1031-1095), China - improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra[disambiguation needed], and sighting tubeMurasaki Shikibu, (c. 973-1025), Japan - novel, psychological novelPyotr Shilovsky, (1871 - after 1924), Russia/United Kingdom - gyrocarFathullah Shirazi, (c. 1582), Mughal India - early volley gunWilliam Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), U.S. - co-inventor of transistorHenry Shrapnel, (1761-1842), England - Shrapnel shell ammunitionVladimir Shukhov, (1853-1939), Russia - thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depotSheikh Muszaphar Shukor, (b. 1972), Malaysia - cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in spaceAugustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Germany/England - Inventor of the standard diving dressSir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany - regenerative furnaceWerner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany - an electromechanical "dynamic"Al-Sijzi, (c. 945-1020), Persia/Iran - heliocentric astrolabeIgor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Russia/U.S. - first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicoptersKia Silverbrook, (1958-), Australia - Memjet printer, world's most prolific inventorVladimir Simonov, (born 1935), Russia - APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistolCharles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary - Hungarian notationIbn Sina (Avicenna), (973-1037), Persia/Iran - steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blockerIsaac Singer, (1811-1875), U.S. - sewing machineB. F. Skinner, (1904-1990), U.S. -- Operant conditioning chamberNikolay Slavyanov, (1854-1897), Russia - shielded metal arc weldingAlexander Smakula, (1900-1983), Ukraine/Russia/U.S. - anti-reflective coatingYefim Smolin, Russia - table-glass (stakan granyonyi)Igor Spassky, (1926-), Russia - Sea Launch platformPercy Spencer, (1894-1970), U.S. - microwave ovenElmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860-1930), U.S. - gyroscope-guided automatic pilotLadislas Starevich, (1882-1965), Russia/France - puppet animation, live-action/animated filmGary Starkweather, (1938-), U.S. - laser printer, color managementBoris Stechkin, (1891-1969), Russia - co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer of Soviet heat and aircraft enginesGeorge Stephenson, (1781-1848), England - steam railwaySimon Stevin, (1548-1620), Netherlands - land yachtAndreas Stihl (1896-1973), Switzerland/Germany - Electric chain sawReverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790-1878), Scotland - Stirling engineAurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia - gas turbinesAleksandr Stoletov, (1839-1896), Russia - first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effectLevi Strauss, (1829-1902), U.S. - blue jeansJohn Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England - airplaneAlmon Strowger, (1839-1902), U.S. - automatic telephone exchangeSu Song, (1020-1101), China - first chain drivePavel Sukhoi, (1895-1975), Russia - Su-series fighter aircraftSimon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada - inventor of MagneScribe and Magic SpicerSushruta, (600 BC), Vedic India - inventor of Platic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, RhinoplastyAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), (903-986), Persia/Iran - timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabeJoseph Swan, (1828-1914), England - Incandescent light bulbRobert Swanson, (1905-1994), Canada - Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotivesAndrei Sychra, (1773-76 - 1850), Lithuania/Russia, Czech descent - Russian seven-string guitarVladimir Syromyatnikov, (1933-2006), Russia - Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanismsLeó Szilárd, (1898-1964), Hungary/U.S. - Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan Project
List of inventors and their inventions?
A* Bruno Abakanowicz, (1852-1900), Poland/Lithuania/Russia/France - Integraph, spirograph, parabolagraph* Vitaly Abalakov, (1906-1986), Russia - camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor* Hovannes Adamian, (1879-1932), Armenia/Russia - tricolor principle of the color television* Robert Adler, (1913-2007), Austria/United States - wireless remote control* Turhan Alçelik (c. 2006), Turkey - non-glaring headlamp* Anatoly Alexandrov, (1903-1994), Russia - anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)* Alexandre Alexeieff, (1901-1982) Russia/France - pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)* Rostislav Alexeyev, (1916-1980), Russia - ekranoplan* Zhores Alferov, (1930), Russia - heterotransistor, continuous-wave-operating diode laser (together with Dmitri Garbuzov)* Genrich Altshuller, (1926-1998), Russia - TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")* Mary Anderson, (1866-1953), United States - windshield wiper blade* Vasily Andreyev, (1861-1918), Russia - standard balalaika* Oleg Antonov, (1906-1984), Russia - An-series aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft An-225)* Nicolas Appert, (1749-1841), France - canning (airtight food preservation)* Archimedes, (c. 287-212 BC), Greece - Archimedes' screw* Ami Argand, (1750-1803), France - Argand lamp* Edwin H. Armstrong,(1890-1954), U.S. - FM radio* William George Armstrong, (1810-1900), UK - hydraulic crane* Neil Arnott, (1788-1874), UK - waterbed* Lev Artsimovich, (1909-1973), Russia - tokamak* Al-Ashraf, (fl. 1282-1296), Yemen - dry compass* Joseph Aspdin, (1788-1855), England - Portland cement* John Vincent Atanasoff, (1903-1995), United States - modern programmable computerB* Georgy Babakin, (1914-1971), Russia - first soft landing space vehicle (Luna 9)* Charles Babbage, (1791-1871), UK - analytical engine (semi-automatic computer)* Roger Bacon, (1214-1292), England - magnifying glass* Leo Baekeland, (1863-1944), Belgian-American - Velox photographic paper and Bakelite* Ralph H. Baer, (1922-), German born American - video game console* Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, (1162-1231), Iraq/Egypt - ventilator* John Logie Baird, (1888-1946), Scotland - an electromechanical television, electronic color television* Ibn al-Baitar, (d. 1248), Islamic Spain - three hundred drugs and foods, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, Hindiba, pharmacopoeia* Abi Bakr of Isfahan, (c. 1235), Persia/Iran - mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar analog computer* Donat Banki, (1859-1922), Hungary - inventor of the carburetor* Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, (1888-1944), Ukraine/Russia/France - Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage* John Bardeen, (1908-1991), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistor* Vladimir Barmin, (1909-1993), Russia - first rocket launch complex (spaceport)* Anthony R. Barringer, Canada/U.S. - INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic system* Earl W. Bascom, (1906-1995), Canada/U.S. - side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chaps* Nikolay Basov, (1922-2001), Russia - co-inventor of laser and maser* Ibn Bassal, (fl.1038-1075), Islamic Spain - flywheel, flywheel-driven noria, flywheel-driven saqiya chain pump* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria/Turkey - observation tube* Eugen Baumann, (1846-1896), Germany - PVC* Trevor Baylis, (1937-), UK - a wind-up radio* Francis Beaufort, (1774-1857), France - Beaufort scale* Ernest Beaux, (1881-1961), Russia/France - Chanel No. 5* Arnold O. Beckman, (1900-2004), U.S. - pH meter* Ulugh Beg, 1394-1449, Persia/Iran - Fakhri sextant, mural sextant* Vladimir Bekhterev, (1857-1927), Russia - Bekhterev's Mixture* Alexander Graham Bell, (1847-1922), Canada, Scotland, and U.S. - telephone* Karl Benz, (1844-1929), Germany - the petrol-powered automobile* Alexander Bereznyak, (1912-1974), Russia - first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)* Georgy Beriev, (1903-1979), Georgia/Russia - Be-series amphibious aircraft* Emile Berliner, (1851-1929), Germany and U.S. - the disc record gramophone* Nikolay Benardos, (1842-1905), Russia - arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)* Tim Berners-Lee, (1955-), UK - with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide Web* Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, (955-996), Egypt - airmail, homing pigeon* Bi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇), (ca. 990-1051), China - clay movable type printing* Laszlo Biro, (1899-1985), Hungary - modern ballpoint pen* Clarence Birdseye, (1886-1956), U.S. - frozen food process* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, (973-1048), Persia/Iran - mechanical geared lunisolar calendar analog computer, fixed-wired knowledge processing machine, conical measure, laboratory flask, Orthographical astrolabe, hodometer, pycnometer* J. Stuart Blackton, (1875-1941), U.S. - stop-motion film* Otto Blathy (1860-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogenerator* Fyodor Blinov, (1827-1902), Russia - first tracked vehicle, steam-powered continuous track tractor* Katharine B. Blodgett, (1898-1979), UK - nonreflective glass* Alan Blumlein, (1903-1942), England - stereo* Nils Bohlin, (1920-2002), Sweden - the three-point seat belt* Joseph-Armand Bombardier, (1907-1964), Canada - snowmobile* Sam Born, Russia/U.S. - lollipop-making machine* Jagdish Chandra Bose, (1858-1937), India - Crescograph* George de Bothezat, (1882-1940), Russia/U.S. - quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus)* Robert W. Bower, (1936-), U.S. - self-aligned-gate MOSFET* Seth Boyden, (1788-1870), U.S. - nail-making machine* Walter Houser Brattain, (1902-1987), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistor* Louis Braille, (1809-1852), France - the Braille writing system* Karl Ferdinand Braun, (1850-1918), Germany - cathode-ray tube oscilloscope* Harry Brearley, (1871-1948), UK - stainless steel* Sergey Brin, (1973-), Russia/U.S. - with Larry Page invented Google web search engine* Mikhail Britnev, (1822-1889), Russia - first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot)* Rachel Fuller Brown, (1898-1980), U.S., Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibiotic* John Moses Browning, (1855-1926), U.S. - automatic handgun* Maria Christina Bruhn, (1732-1802), Sweden* Nikolay Brusentsov, (born 1925), Russia - ternary computer (Setun)* Edwin Beard Budding, (1795-1846), UK - lawnmower* Gersh Budker, (1918-1977), Russia - electron cooling, co-inventor of collider* Corliss Orville Burandt, U.S. - Variable valve timing* Henry Burden,(1791-1871) Scotland and U.S.- Horseshoe machine (made 60 horse shoes in a minute), first usable Iron Railed road spike, and builder of the most powerful waterwheel in history "Niagara of Water-Wheels"* Richard James Burgess, U.K. - Simmons (electronic drum company), co-inventor of SDS5 drum synthesizer* Aleksandr Butlerov, (1828-1886), Russia - hexamine, formaldehydeC* Robert Cailliau, (1947-), Belgium - with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web* C`ai Lun, 蔡倫 (50-121 AD), China - paper* Marvin Camras, (1916-1995), U.S. - magnetic recording* Chester Carlson, (1906-1968), U.S. - Xerography* Wallace Carothers, (1896-1937), U.S. - Nylon* Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, (fl.1630-1632), Turkey - long-distance flight, artificial wings* Lagari Hasan Celebi, (1633), Turkey - first manned rocket flight* Joseph Constantine Carpue, (1764-1846), France - rhinoplastic surgery* George Cayley, (1773-1857), UK - glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar track* Roxey Ann Caplin, (1793-1888), UK - Corsets* Dennis Charter, (1952-), Australia - secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafe* Vladimir Chelomey, (1914-1984), Russia - first space station (Salyut), Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)* Pavel Cherenkov, (1904-1990), Russia - Cherenkov detector* Adrian Chernoff, (1971-), U.S. - GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber Bandits* Evgeniy Chertovsky, (1902-), Russia - pressure suit* Alexander Chizhevsky, (1897-1964), Russia - air ionizer* Andrey Chokhov, (c. 1545-1629), Russia - Tsar Cannon* Niels Christensen (1865-1952), U.S. - O-ring* Samuel Hunter Christie, (1784-1865), UK - Wheatstone bridge* Juan de la Cierva, (1895-1936), Spain - the autogyro* Alexandru Ciurcu, (1854-1922), Romania - Reaction engine* Georges Claude, (1870-1960), France - neon lamp* Henri Coandă, (1886-1972), Romania - Jet engine* Josephine Cochrane, (1839-1913), U.S. - dishwasher* Christopher Cockerell, (1910-1999), UK - Hovercraft* Aeneas Coffey, (1780-1852), Ireland - heat exchanger, Coffey still* Sir Henry Cole, (1808-1882), England - Christmas card* Samuel Colt, (1814-1862), U.S. - Revolver* George Constantinescu, (1881-1965), Romania - Interrupter gear* Lloyd Groff Copeman, (1865-1956), U.S. - Electric stove* Cornelis Corneliszoon, (1550-1607), The Netherlands - sawmill* Jacques Cousteau, (1910-1997), France - co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater camera* Thomas Crapper, (1836-1910), England - ballcock (toilet valve)* Bartolomeo Cristofori, (1655-1731), Italy - piano* János Csonka, (1852-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of carburetor* Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (1725-1804), France - first steam-powered road vehicle* William Cumberland Cruikshank, (1745-1800), UK - chlorinated water* William Cullen, (1710-1790), UK - first artificial refrigerator* Glenn Curtiss, (1878-1930), U.S. - aileronsD* Gustaf Dalén, (1869-1937), Sweden - AGA cooker; Dalén light; Agamassan* Salvino D'Armate, (1258-1312), Italy - credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284* Corradino D'Ascanio, (1891-1981), Italy - D'AT3 helicopter; Vespa scooter* Jacob Davis, (1868-1908), U.S. - riveted jeans* Edmund Davy, (1785-1857), Ireland - acetylene* Humphry Davy, (1778-1829), UK - Davy miners lamp* Joseph Day, (1855-1946), UK - the crankcase-compression two-stroke engine* Lee DeForest, (1873-1961), U.S. - triode* Vasily Degtyaryov, (1880-1949), Russia - first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat* Akinfiy Demidov, (1678-1745), Russia - co-developer of rebar, cast iron dome, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk)* Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, (1927-2006), Russia - 3D holography* Miksa Deri (1854-1938), Hungary - co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformer* James Dewar, (1842-1923), UK - Thermos flask* Aleksandr Dianin, (1851-1918), Russia - Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound* William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860-1935), UK - motion picture camera* Philip Diehl, (1847-1913), U.S. - Ceiling fan, electric sewing machine* Rudolf Diesel, (1858-1913), Germany - Diesel engine* Al-Dinawari, (828-896), Persia/Iran - more than a hundred plant drugs* William H. Dobelle, (1943-2004), United States - first functioning artificial eye* Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, (1862-1919),Poland/Russia - three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)* Nikolay Dollezhal, (1899-2000),Russia - AM-1 reactor for the 1st nuclear power plant, other RBMK reactors, VVER pressurized water reactors* Bryan Donkin, (1768-1855), UK - print industry composition roller* Hub van Doorne, (1900-1979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmission* Anastase Dragomir, (1896-1966), Romania - Ejection seat* Karl Drais, (1785-1851), Germany - dandy horse (Draisine)* Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), The Netherlands - first navigable submarine* Richard Drew, (1899-1980), U.S. - Masking tape* John Boyd Dunlop, (1840-1921) UK - first practical pneumatic tyre* Cyril Duquet, (1841-1922) Canada - Telephone handset* Alexey Dushkin, (1904-1977), Russia - deep column station* James Dyson, (1947- ) UK - Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.E* George Eastman, (1854-1932), U.S. - roll film* Thomas Edison, (1847-1931), U.S. - phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, stock ticker, ticker-tape machine etc.* Willem Einthoven, (1860-1927), The Netherlands - the electrocardiogram* Ivan Elmanov, Russia - first monorail (horse-drawn)* Rune Elmqvist, (1906-1996), Sweden - implantable pacemaker* Douglas Engelbart, (1925-), U.S. - the computer mouse [1]* John Ericsson, (1803-1889), Sweden - the two screw-propeller* Lars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), Sweden - the handheld micro telephone* Ole Evinrude, (1877-1934), Norway - outboard motorF* Peter Carl Fabergé, (1846-1920), Russia - Fabergé Eggs* Samuel Face, (1923-2001), U.S. - concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning Switch* Michael Faraday, (1791-1867), England - electric transformer, electric motor* Johann Maria Farina, (1685-1766), Germany; Eau de Cologne* Philo Farnsworth, (1906-1971), U.S. - electronic television* Muhammad al-Fazari, (d. 796/806), Persia/Iran/Iraq - brass astrolabe* James Fergason, (1934-), U.S. - improved liquid crystal display* Enrico Fermi, (1901-1954), Italy - nuclear reactor* Humberto Fernández Morán, (1924-1999), Venezuela - Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtome* Reginald Fessenden, (1866-1932), Canada - two-way radio* Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick, (1829-1901), Germany - contact lens* Fatima al-Fihri, (c. 859), Tunisia/Morocco - university* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), (810-887), Al-Andalus - eye glasses, artificial wings, watch, fused quartz and silica glass, artificial thunder and lightning, metronome* Artur Fischer, (1919-) Germany - fasteners including fischertechnik.* Gerhard Fischer, Germany/U.S. - hand-held metal detector* Nicolas Florine, (1891-1972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium - first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely* Robert Fulton, (1765-1815), United States - first commercially successful steamboat, first practical submarine* Alexander Fleming, (1881-1955), Scotland - penicillin* John Ambrose Fleming, (1848-1945), England - vacuum diode* Sandford Fleming, (1827-1915), Canada - Universal Standard Time* Tommy Flowers, (1905-1998), England - Colossus an early electronic computer.* Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, (1819-1868), France - Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy current* Benoît Fourneyron, (1802-1867), France - water turbine* John Fowler, (1826-1864), England - steam-driven ploughing engine* Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), U.S. - the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica* Augustin-Jean Fresnel, (1788-1827), France - Fresnel lens* William Friese-Greene, (1855-1921), England - cinematography* Buckminster Fuller, (1895-1983), U.S. - geodesic dome* Ivan Fyodorov, (c. 1510-1583), Russia/Poland-Lithuania - invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia* Svyatoslav Fyodorov, (1927-2000), Russia - radial keratotomy* Vladimir Fyodorov, (1874-1966), Russia - Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)G* Dennis Gabor, (1900-1979), UK - holography* Boris Borisovich Galitzine, (1862-1916), Russia - electromagnetic seismograph* Dmitri Garbuzov, (1940-2006), Russia/U.S. - continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers* Elmer R. Gates, (1859-1923), USA - foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")* Richard J. Gatling, (1818-1903), U.S. - wheat drill, first successful machine gun* Georgy Gause, (1910-1986), Russia - gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics* E. K. Gauzen, Russia - three bolt equipment (early diving costume)* Hans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882-1945), Germany - Geiger counter* Andrey Geim, (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom - graphene* Nestor Genko, (1839-1904), Russia - Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)* Henri Giffard, (1825-1882), France - powered airship, injector* Valentyn Glushko, (1908-1989), Russia - hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170)* Heinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany - incandescent lamp* Leonid Gobyato, (1875-1915), Russia - first modern man-portable mortar* Robert Goddard, (1882-1945), U.S. - liquid fuel rocket* Igor Gorynin, (1926), Russia - weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminum alloys, radiation-hardened steels* Peter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary - vinyl record (LP), CBS color television* Charles Goodyear, (1800-1860), U.S. - vulcanization of rubber* Gordon Gould, (1920-2005), U.S. - co-inventor of laser* Richard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England - ship's hull and rigging* Boris Grabovsky, (1901-1966), Russia - cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube* Bette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), U.S. - Liquid Paper* James Henry Greathead, (1844-1896), South Africa - tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield technique* Chester Greenwood, (1858-1937), U.S. - thermal earmuffs* James Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland - Gregorian telescope* William Robert Grove, (1811-1896), Wales - fuel cell* Otto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany - vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeter* Mikhail Gurevich, (1893-1976), Russia - MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)* Hakan Gürsu, (c. 2007), Turkey - Volitan* Johann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s-1468), Germany - movable type printing press* Samuel Guthrie, (1782-1848), U.S. - discovered chloroformH* John Hadley, (1682-1744), England - Octant* Waldemar Haffkine, (1860-1930), Russia/Switzerland - first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccines* Tracy Hall, (1919-2008 ), U.S. - synthetic diamond* Christopher Hansteen, (1783-1873), Norway - discovery of terrestrial magnetism* James Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England - spinning jenny* John Harington, (1561-1612), England - the flush toilet* John Harrison, (1693-1776), England - marine chronometer* Victor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden - invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (965-1039), Iraq - camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass* Robert A. Heinlein, (1907-1988), U.S. - waterbed* Jozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia - the water pillar* Rudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany - the Hellschreiber* Joseph Henry, (1797-1878), Scotland/U.S. - electromagnetic relay* Heron, (c. 10-70), Roman Egypt - usually credited with invention of the aeolipile, although it may have been described a century earlier* John Herschel, (1792-1871), England - photographic fixer (hypo)* William Herschel, (1738-1822), England - infrared* Heinrich Hertz, (1857-1894), Germany - radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation* George de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary - radioactive tracer* Rowland Hill, (1795-1879), UK - postage stamp* Maurice Hilleman (1919-2005) vaccines agains childhood diseases* Felix Hoffmann (Bayer), (1868-1949), Germany - Aspirin* Herman Hollerith, (1860-1929), U.S. - recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cards* Nick Holonyak, (1928- ), U.S. - LED (Light Emitting Diode)* Robert Hooke, (1635-1703), England - balance wheel, iris diaphragm* Erna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), U.S. - computerized telephone switching system* Frank Hornby, (1863-1936), England - invented Meccano* Coenraad Johannes van Houten, (1801-1887), Netherlands - cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milk* Elias Howe, (1819-1867), U.S. - sewing machine* Muhammad Husayn, (fl.17th century), Persia/Iran - cartographic Qibla indicator with sundial and compass* Christiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), Netherlands - pendulum clock* John Wesley Hyatt, (1837-1920), U.S. - celluloid manufacturing.I* Sumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan - Carbon nanotubes* Gavriil Ilizarov, (1921-1992), Russia - Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis* Sergey Ilyushin, (1894-1977), Russia - Il-series aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)* János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary - noiseless match* Aleksei Isaev, (1908-1971), Russia - first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)J* Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber), (c. 1100-1150), Islamic Spain - portable celestial globe* Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), (c. 721-815), Persia/Iran - pure distillation, liquefaction, purification, retort, mineral acids, nitric and sulfuric acids, hydrochloric acid, aqua regia, alum, alkali, borax, pure sal ammoniac, lead carbonatic, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, pure mercury and sulfur, plated mail* Moritz von Jacobi, (1801-1874), Germany/Russia - electrotyping, electric boat* Karl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany - aeroplane* Al-Jazari, (1136-1206), Iraq - crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkage* Ibn Al-Jazzar (Algizar), (c. 898-980), Tunisia - sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugs* György Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary - turboprop* Charles Francis Jenkins, (1867-1934) - television and movie projector (Phantoscope)* Carl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden - Gauge blocks* Johan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden - the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner* Nancy Johnson, U.S. - American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)* Scott A. Jones, (1960-), U.S. - created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine.* Whitcomb Judson, (1836-1909), U.S. - zipper[edit] K* Mikhail Kalashnikov, (1919-), Russia - AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (the most produced ever)[1]* Dean Kamen, (1951-), U.S. - Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device* Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), Netherlands - liquify helium* Nikolay Kamov, (1902-1973), Russia - armored battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters* Pyotr Kapitsa, (1894-1984), Russia - first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions* Georgii Karpechenko, (1899-1941), Russia - rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)* Jamshīd al-Kāshī, (c. 1380-1429), Persia/Iran - plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computer* Yevgeny Kaspersky, (1965-), Russia - Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products* Adolphe Kégresse, (1879-1943), France/Russia - Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual clutch transmission* Mstislav Keldysh, (1911-1978), Latvia/Russia - co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Tikhonravov* John Harvey Kellogg, (1852-1943), cornflake breakfasts* John George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary - co-inventor of BASIC* Alexander Kemurdzhian, (1921-2003), Russia - first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)* Kerim Kerimov, (1917-2003), Azerbaijan and Russia - co-developer of human spaceflight, space dock, space station* Charles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), U.S. - invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more* Khalid, (fl.9th century), Ethiopia - coffee* Fazlur Khan, (1929-1982), Bangladesh - structural systems for high-rise skyscrapers* Yulii Khariton, (1904-1996), Russia - chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb* Anatoly Kharlampiev, (1906-1979), Russia - Sambo (martial art)* Al-Khazini, (fl.1115-1130), Persia/Iran - hydrostatic balance* Konstantin Khrenov, (1894-1984), Russia - underwater welding* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 940-1000), Persia/Iran - astronomical sextant* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), Persia/Iran - modern algebra, mural instrument, horary quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow square* Erhard Kietz, (1909-1982), Germany & U.S.A. - patented signal improvements for video transmissions Erhard Kietz Patents* Jack Kilby, (1923-2005), U.S. - patented the first integrated circuit* Al-Kindi (Alkindus), (801-873), Iraq/Yemen - ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis* Fritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany - vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride* Margaret E. Knight, (1838-1914), U.S. - machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags* Ivan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Armenia/Russia - capron, Nylon 6, polyamide-6* Robert Koch, (1843-1910), Germany - method for culturing bacteria on solid media* Willem Johan Kolff, (1911-2009), Netherlands - artificial kidney hemodialysis machine* Rudolf Kompfner, (1909-1977), U.S. - Traveling-wave tube* Konstantin Konstantinov, (1817 or 1819-1871), Russia - device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine* Sergey Korolyov, (1907-1966), Ukraine/Russia - first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok program (including the first human spaceflight)* Nikolai Korotkov, (1874-1920), Russia - auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement* Semen Korsakov, (1787-1853), Russia - punched card for information storage* Mikhail Koshkin, (1898-1940), Russia - T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II[2]* Ognjeslav Kostović, (1851-1916), Serbia/Russia - arborite (high-strength plywood, an early plastic)* Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia - knapsack parachute, drogue parachute* Alexei Krylov, (1863-1945), Russia - gyroscopic damping of ships* Ivan Kulibin, (1735-1818), Russia - egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing, an early optical telegraph* Igor Kurchatov, (1903-1960), Russia - first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships* Raymond Kurzweil, (1948-), Optical character recognition; flatbed scanner* Stephanie Kwolek, (1923-), U.S. - Kevlar* John Howard Kyan (1774-1850), Ireland - The process of Kyanization used for wood preservationL* Dmitry Lachinov, (1842-1902), Russia - mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, elecrolyser* René Laënnec, (1781-1826), France - stethoscope* Lala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe* Georges Lakhovsky, (1869-1942), Russia/U.S. - Multiple Wave Oscillator* Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and U.S. - Spread spectrum radio* Edwin H. Land, (1909-1991), U.S. - Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera* Samuel P. Langley, (1834-1906), U.S. - bolometer* Irving Langmuir, (1851-1957), U.S. - gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding* Lewis Latimer, (1848-1928), - Invented the modern day light bulb* Gustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden - invented the milk separator and the milking machine* Semyon Lavochkin, (1900-1960), Russia - La-series aircraft, first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut* John Bennet Lawes, (1814-1900), England - superphosphate or chemical fertilizer* Nikolai Lebedenko, Russia - Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history* Sergei Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia - commercially viable synthetic rubber* Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), Netherlands - development of the microscope* Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (1822-1900), Belgium - internal combustion engine, motorboat* R. G. LeTourneau, (1888-1969), U.S.- electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapers* Willard Frank Libby, (1908-1980), U.S. - radiocarbon dating* Justus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany - nitrogen-based fertilizer* Otto Lilienthal, (1848-1896), Germany - hang glider* Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden - Kerosene stove operated by compressed air* Hans Lippershey, (1570-1619), Netherlands - telescope* Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, Russia - samovar (the first documented makers)* William Howard Livens, (1889-1964), England - chemical warfare - Livens Projector.* Alexander Lodygin, (1847-1923), Russia - electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament* Mikhail Lomonosov, (1711-1765), Russia - night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-invented smalt* Yury Lomonosov, (1876-1952), Russia/United Kingdom - first successful mainline diesel locomotive* Aleksandr Loran, (1849 - after 1911), Russia - fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher* Oleg Losev, (1903-1942), Russia - light-emitting diode, crystadine* Archibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain - Pioneer of radio guidance systems* Auguste and Louis Lumière, France - Cinématographe* Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, (1909-2001), Russia - Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project* Ignacy Łukasiewicz, (1822-1882), Poland - modern kerosene lamp* Giovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) - self-propelled torpedo* Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman, (fl.1589-1590), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe* Arkhip Lyulka, (1908-1984), Russia - first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft enginesM* Ma Jun, (c. 200-265), China - South Pointing Chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk looms* Aleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany - Orbitrap mass spectrometer* Stepan Makarov, (1849-1904), Russia - Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice* Nestor Makhno, (1888-1934), Ukraine/Russia - tachanka* Charles Macintosh, (1766-1843), Scotland - waterproof raincoat, life vest* Victor Makeev, (1924-1985), Russia - first submarine-launched ballistic missile* Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, (1896-1964), Russia - Maksutov telescope* Sergey Malyutin, (1859-1937), Russia - designed the first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily Zvyozdochkin)* Al-Ma'mun, (786-833), Iraq - singing bird automata, terrestrial globe* Boris Mamyrin, (1919-2007), Russia - reflectron (ion mirror)* George William Manby, (1765-1854), England - Fire extinguisher* Guglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy - radio telegraphy* John Landis Mason, (1826-1902), U.S. - Mason jars* Henry Maudslay, (1771-1831), England - screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometer* Hiram Maxim, (1840-1916), USA born, England - First self-powered machine gun* James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and Thomas Sutton Scotland - color photography* Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili, (9th century), Iraq - syringe, hypodermic needle, cataract extraction, injection, suction* John McAdam, (1756-1836), Scotland - improved "macadam" road surface* Elijah McCoy, (1843-1929), Canada - Displacement lubricator* Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, (1845-1916), Russia - probiotics* Hippolyte Mège-Mouriés, (1817-1880), France - margarine* Dmitri Mendeleev, (1834-1907), Russia - Periodic table, pycnometer, pyrocollodion, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)* Antonio Meucci, (1808-1889), Italy - telephone (prototype)* Edouard Michelin, (1859-1940), France - pneumatic tire* Anthony Michell, (1870-1959), Australia - tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless engine* Artem Mikoyan, (1905-1970), Armenia/Russia - MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich)* Alexander Mikulin, (1895-1985), Russia - Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank* Mikhail Mil, (1909-1970), Russia - Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)* Pavel Molchanov, (1893-1941), Russia - radiosonde* Jules Montenier, (c. 1910), U.S. - modern anti-perspirant deodorant* Montgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France - hot-air balloon* John J. Montgomery, (1858-1911), U.S. - heavier-than-air gliders* Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain - steam powered submarine* Robert Moog, (1934-2005), U.S. - the Moog synthesizer* Samuel Morey, (1762-1843), U.S. - internal combustion engine* Garrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), U.S. - inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal.* Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), U.S. - telegraph* Alexander Morozov, (1904-1979), Russia - T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34* Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, (1849-1902), Russia - Mosin-Nagant rifle* Motorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s - 1735) and his son Mikhail Ivanovich (?-1750), Russia - Tsar Bell* Vera Mukhina, (1889-1953), Russia - welded sculpture* Al-Muqaddasi, (c. 946-1000), Palestine - restaurant* Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi, (fl.11th century), Islamic Spain - geared mechanical clock, segmental gear, epicyclic gearing* William Murdoch, (1754-1839), Scotland - Gas lighting* Jozef Murgas, (1864-1929), Slovakia - inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)* Evgeny Murzin, (1914-1970), Russia - ANS synthesizer* Banū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800-873), Ahmad (803-873), Al-Hasan (810-873), Iraq - mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machine* Pieter van Musschenbroek, (1692-1761), Netherlands - Leyden jar, pyrometer* Eadweard Muybridge, (1830-1904), England - motion pictureN* Alexander Nadiradze, (1914-1987), Georgia/Russia - first mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), first reliable mobile ICBM (RT-2PM Topol)* John Napier, (1550-1617), Scotland - logarithms* James Naismith, (1861-1939), Canadian born, USA - invented basketball and American football helmet* Yoshiro Nakamatsu, (b. 1928), Japan - floppy disk, "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meter* Andrey Nartov, (1683-1756), Russia - first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight* James Nasmyth, (1808-1890), Scotland - steam hammer* Nebuchadrezzar II, (c. 630-562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw, screwpump* Sergey Nepobedimiy, (1921-), Russia - first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry* John von Neumann, (1903-1957), Hungary - Von Neumann computer architecture* Isaac Newton,(1642-1727), England - reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)* Joseph Nicephore Niépce, (1765-1833), France - photography* Nikolai Nikitin, (1907-1973), Russia - prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000)* Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, (1860-1940), Germany - Nipkow disk* Jun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan - Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode* Alfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden - dynamite* Ludvig Nobel, (1831-1888), Sweden/Russia - first successful oil tanker* Carl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden - the blowtorchO* Theophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden/Russia - the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator* Lucien Olivier, (1838-1883), Belgium or France / Russia - Russian salad (Olivier salad)* J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904-1967), United States - Atomic bomb* Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II, (1858-1923) American - weapon sights & mining* Hans Christian Ørsted, (1777-1851), Denmark - electromagnetism, aluminum* Elisha Otis, (1811-1861), U.S. - passenger elevator with safety device* William Oughtred, (1575-1660), England - slide ruleP* Larry Page, (1973-), U.S. - with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engine* Alexey Pajitnov, (born 1956), Russia/U.S. - Tetris* Helge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden - the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun* Daniel David Palmer, (1845-1913), Canada - chiropractic* Luigi Palmieri, (1807-1896), Italy - seismometer* Alexander Parkes, (1831-1890), England - celluloid* Charles Algernon Parsons, (1854-1931), British - steam turbine* Spede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland - ski jumping sling* Blaise Pascal, (1623-1662), France - barometer, Pascal's calculator* Gustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden - safety match* Les Paul, (1915-2009), U.S. - multitrack recording* Nicolae Paulescu, (1869-1931), Romania - insulin* Ivan Pavlov, (1849-1936), Russia, - classical conditioning* Arthur Paul Pedrick, England - chromatically selective cat flap and others* John Pemberton, (1831-1888), U.S. - Coca-Cola* Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia - mechanical pencil* Henry Perky, (1843-1906), U.S. - shredded wheat* Stephen Perry, England - rubber band* Vladimir Petlyakov, (1891-1942), Russia - heavy bomber* Peter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria - digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments* Fritz Pfleumer, (1881-1945), Germany - magnetic tape* Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, (1810-1881), Russia - early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations* Fyodor Pirotsky, (1845-1898), Russia - electric tram* Arthur Pitney, (1871-1933), United States - postage meter* Joseph Plateau, (1801-1883), Belgium - phenakistiscope (stroboscope)* Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden - gas absorption refrigerator* James Leonard Plimpton, U.S. - roller skates* Ivan Plotnikov, (1902-1995), Russia - kirza leather* Petrache Poenaru, (1799-1875), Romania - fountain pen* Christopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden - the modern padlock* Nikolai Polikarpov, (1892-1944), Russia - Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane)* Ivan Polzunov, (1728-1766), Russia - first two-cylinder steam engine* Mikhail Pomortsev, (1851-1916), Russia - nephoscope* Olivia Poole, (1889-1975), U.S., - the Jolly Jumper baby harness* Alexander Popov, (1859-1906), Russia - lightning detector (the first lightning prediction system and radio receiver), co-inventor of radio* Nikolay Popov, (1931-2008), Russia - first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80)* Aleksandr Porokhovschikov, (1892-1941), Russia - Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first caterpillar amphibious ATV)* Joseph Priestley, (1733-1804), England - soda water* Alexander Procofieff de Seversky, 1894-1974, Russia/United States of America - first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refueling* Alexander Prokhorov, (1916-2002), Russia - co-inventor of laser and maser* Petro Prokopovych, (1775-1850), Ukraine/Russia - early beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties* Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, (1863-1944), Russia/France - early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures* George Pullman, (1831-1897), U.S. - Pullman sleep wagon* Michael I. Pupin, (1858-1935), Serbia - pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillator* Tivadar Puskas, (1844-1893), Hungary - telephone exchange[edit] R* Mario Rabinowitz, (1936-), U.S. - solar concentrator with tracking micromirrors* Hasan al-Rammah, (fl.1270s), Syria - purified potassium nitrate, explosive gunpowder, torpedo* Harun al-Rashid, (763-809), Persia/Iran - public hospital, medical school* Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), (865-965), Persia/Iran - distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide* Karl von Reichenbach, (1788-1869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenol* Ira Remsen, (1846-1927), U.S. - saccharin* Ralf Reski, (* 1958), Germany - Moss Bioreactor 1998* Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia - ship propeller* Charles Francis Richter, (1900-1985), U.S. - Richter magnitude scale* Hyman George Rickover, (1900-1986), U.S. - Nuclear submarine* John Roebuck, (1718-1794) England - lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesis* Peter I the Great, Tsar and Emperor of Russia, (1672-1725), Russia - decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)* Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany - the X-ray machine* Ida Rosenthal, (1886-1973), Belarus/Russia/United States - modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)* Boris Rosing, (1869-1933), Russia - CRT television (first TV system using CRT on the receiving side)* Eugene Roshal, (born 1972), Russia - FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver* Ernő Rubik, (1944-), Hungary - Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock* Ernst Ruska, (1906-1988), Germany - electron microscopeS* Alexander Sablukov, (1783-1857), Russia - centrifugal fan* Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu, (1385-1468), Turkey - illustrated surgical atlas* Andrei Sakharov, (1921-1989), Russia - invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developed the Tsar Bomb and tokamak* Ibn Samh, (c. 1020), Middle East - mechanical geared astrolabe* Franz San Galli, (1824-1908), Poland/Russia (Italian and German descent) - radiator, modern central heating* Alberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil - non-rigid airship and airplane* Arthur William Savage, (1857-1938) - radial tires, gun magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifle* Thomas Savery, (1650-1715), England - steam engine* Adolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium - saxophone* Bela Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary - diphtheria test* Pavel Schilling, (1780-1836), Estonia/Russia - first electromagnetic telegraph, mine with an electric fuse* Christian Schnabel (1878-1936), German - simplistic food cutleries* Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946- ), Netherlands - Major contributor to development of Compact Disc* August Schrader, U.S. - Schrader valve for Pneumatic tire* David Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, - rigid ship, later called Zeppelin* Marc Seguin, (1786-1875), France - wire-cable suspension bridge* Henry White Seeley, (1832-1903), US-pressing iron* Sennacherib, (705-681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw pump* Iwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/U.S. - inventor of the Moviola for film editing* Mark Serrurier, (190?-1988), U.S. - Serrurier truss for Optical telescopes* Gerhard Sessler, (1931-), Germany - foil electret microphone, silicon microphone* Guy Severin, (1926-2008), Russia - extra-vehicular activity supporting system* Leonty Shamshurenkov, (1687-1758), Russia - first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge* Ibn al-Shatir, (1304-1375), Syria - "jewel box" device which combined a compass with a universal sundial* Shen Kuo, (1031-1095), China - improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tube* Murasaki Shikibu, (c. 973-1025), Japan - novel, psychological novel* Pyotr Shilovsky, (1871 - after 1924), Russia/United Kingdom - gyrocar* Fathullah Shirazi, (c. 1582), Mughal India - autocannon, multi-barrel gun* William Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), U.S. - co-inventor of transistor* Henry Shrapnel, (1761-1842), England - Shrapnel shell ammunition* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, (b. 1972), Malaysia - cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in space* Vladimir Shukhov, (1853-1939), Russia - thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot* Augustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Germany/England - Inventor of the standard diving dress* Werner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany - an electromechanical "dynamic"* Sir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany - regenerative furnace* Al-Sijzi, (c. 945-1020), Persia/Iran - heliocentric astrolabe* Igor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Russia/U.S. - first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters* Kia Silverbrook, (1958-), Australia - Memjet printer, world's most prolific inventor* Vladimir Simonov, (born 1935), Russia - APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol* Charles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary - Hungarian notation* Ibn Sina (Avicenna), (973-1037), Persia/Iran - steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blocker* Isaac Singer, (1811-1875), U.S. - sewing machine* Nikolay Slavyanov, (1854-1897), Russia - shielded metal arc welding* Alexander Smakula, (1900-1983), Ukraine/Russia/U.S. - anti-reflective coating* Yefim Smolin, Russia - table-glass (stakan granyonyi)* Igor Spassky, (1926-), Russia - Sea Launch platform* Elmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860-1930), U.S. - gyroscope-guided automatic pilot* Ladislas Starevich, (1882-1965), Russia/France - puppet animation, live-action/animated film* Boris Stechkin, (1891-1969), Russia - co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer of Soviet heat and aircraft engines* George Stephenson, (1781-1848), England - steam railway* Simon Stevin, (1548-1620), Netherlands - land yacht* Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790-1878), Scotland - Stirling engine* Aurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia - gas turbines* Aleksandr Stoletov, (1839-1896), Russia - first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect* Levi Strauss, (1829-1902), U.S. - blue jeans* John Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England - airplane* Almon Strowger, (1839-1902), U.S. - automatic telephone exchange* Su Song, (1020-1101), China - first chain drive* Pavel Sukhoi, (1895-1975), Russia - Su-series fighter aircraft* Simon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada - inventor of MagneScribe and Magic Spicer* Sushruta, (600 BC), Vedic India - inventor of Platic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, Rhinoplasty* Joseph Swan, (1828-1914), England - Incandescent light bulb* Percy Spencer, (1894-1970), U.S. - microwave oven* Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), (903-986), Persia/Iran - timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabe* Robert Swanson, (1905-1994), Canada - Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotives* Andrei Sychra, (1773-76 - 1850), Lithuania/Russia, Czech descent - Russian seven-string guitar* Vladimir Syromyatnikov, (1933-2006), Russia - Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms* Leó Szilárd, (1898-1964), Hungary/U.S. - Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan ProjectT* Salih Tahtawi, (fl.1659-1660), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe* Igor Tamm, (1895-1971), Russia - co-developer of tokamak* Taqi al-Din, (1526-1585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey - steam turbine, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, framed sextant* Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi, (c. 1187), Middle East - counterweight trebuchet, mangonel* Bernard Tellegen, (1900-1990), Netherlands - pentode* Edward Teller, (1908-2003), Hungary - hydrogen bomb* Nikola Tesla, (1856-1943), Croatian Serb, citizenship:Austrian Empire (pre-1891), American (post-1891) - Tesla Coil, induction motor, wireless communication* Léon Theremin, (1896-1993), Russia - theremin, interlace, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device)* Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, (1785-1870), France - Arithmometer* Eric Tigerstedt, (1887-1925), Finland - triode vacuum tube* Kalman Tihanyi, (1897-1947), Hungary - co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope* Mikhail Tikhonravov, (1900-1974), Russia - co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks* Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, (1875-1960), Russia - feathering spectrograph* Benjamin Chew Tilghman, (1821-1897), U.S. - sandblasting* Tipu Sultan, (1750-1799), India - iron-cased rocket* Fedor Tokarev, (1871-1968), Russia - TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle* Alfred Traeger, (1895-1980), Australia - the pedal radio* Richard Trevithick, (1771-1833), England - high-pressure steam engine, first full-scale steam locomotive* Franc Trkman, (1903-1978), Slovenia - electrical switches, accessories for opening windows* Yuri Trutnev, (1927-), Russia - co-developer of the Tsar Bomb* Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, (1857-1935), Russia - spaceflight* Mikhail Tsvet, (1872-1919), Russia - chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)* Ibn Tufail, (c. 1105-1185), Islamic Spain - philosophical novel* Alexei Tupolev, (1925-2001), Russia - the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)* Andrei Tupolev, (1888-1972), Russia - turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)* Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1201-1274), Persia/Iran - observatory, research institute* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1135-1213), Persia/Iran - linear astrolabeU* Lewis Urry, (1927-2004), Canada - long-lasting alkaline battery* Vladimir Utkin, (1923-2000), Russia - railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets)V* Vladimir Sergeyevich Vakhmistrov, (1897-1972), Russia - first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)* Theophilus Van Kannel, (1841-1919), United States - revolving door (1888)* Viktor Vasnetsov, (1848-1926), Russia - budenovka military hat* Vladimir Veksler, (1907-1966), Russia - synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron* John Venn, (1834-1923), England - Venn diagram (1881)* Pierre Vernier, (1580-1637), France - vernier scale (1631)* Dmitry Vinogradov, (c.1720-5 - 1758), Russia - original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Mikhail Lomonosov)* Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?-2006), United States - developed the first sexual assault evidence kit* Alessandro Volta, (1745-1827), Italy - battery* Faust Vrančić, (1551-1617), Croatia - parachute* Traian Vuia, (1872-1950), Romania - designed, built, and tested one of the earlier aircraft in 1906. Vuia reportedly flew to a height of 1 Meter and was able to stay aloft for 20 Meters.* Ivan Vyrodkov, (? - 1563-64), Russia - battery tower[edit] W* Paul Walden, (1863-1957), Latvia/Russia/Germany - Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid)* Barnes Wallis, (1887-1979), England - bouncing bomb* Robert Watson-Watt, (1892-1973), Scotland - microwave radar* James Watt, (1736-1819), Scotland - improved Steam engine* Thomas Wedgwood, (1771-1805), England - first (not permanent) photograph* Jonas Wenström, (1855-1893), Sweden - three-phase electrical power* George Westinghouse, (1846-1914), U.S. - Air brake (rail)* Charles Wheatstone, (1802-1875), England - concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher* Eli Whitney, (1765-1825), U.S. - the cotton gin* Frank Whittle, (1907-1996), England - co-inventor of the jet engine* Otto Wichterle, (1913-1989), Czechoslovakia - invented modern contact lenses* Paul Winchell, (1922-2005), U.S. - the artificial heart* A. Baldwin Wood, (1879-1956), U.S. - high volume pump* Granville Woods, (1856-1910), U.S. - the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph* Wright brothers, Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912) - U.S. - powered airplane* Arthur Wynne, (1862-1945), England - creator of crossword puzzleY* Pavel Yablochkov, (1847-1894), Russia - Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)* Hidetsugu Yagi, (1886-1976), Japan - Yagi antenna* Alexander Yakovlev, (1906-1989), Russia - Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)* Khalid ibn Yazid, (635-704), Syria/Egypt - potassium nitrate* Yi Xing, (683-727), China - astronomical clock* Gazi Yasargil, (1925- ), Turkey - Microneurosurgery* Arthur M. Young, (1905-1995), U.S. - the Bell Helicopter* Vladimir Yourkevitch, (1885-1964), Russia/France/U.S. - modern ship hull design* Sergei Yudin, (1891-1954), Russia - cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations* Muhammad Yunus, (b. 1940), Bangladesh - microcredit, microfinance* Abu Yaqub Yusuf, (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain - siege cannon* Linus Yale, Jr., (1821-1868), U.S. - cylinder lock* Linus Yale, Sr., (1797-1858), U.S. - pin tumbler lockZ* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), (936-1013), Islamic Spain - catgut surgical suture, various surgical instruments and dental devices* Alexander Zalmanov, (1875-1965), Russia - turpentine bath* Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof, (1859-1917) Russia/Poland - Esperanto* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel), (1028-1087), Islamic Spain - almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabe* Yevgeny Zavoisky, (1907-1976), Russia - EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy* Nikolay Zelinsky, (1861-1953), Russia - the first effective filtering coal gas mask in the world* Zhang Heng, (78-139), China - invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere* Zheng He, (1371-1433), China - treasure ship* Nikolai Zhukovsky, (1847-1921), Russia - an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank* Ziryab, (789-857), Iraq/Syria/Tunisia/Spain - bangs, beauty parlour, cosmetology school, chemical depilatory, toothpaste, under-arm deodorant, three-course meal* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), (1091-1161), Islamic Spain - general anaesthesia, general anaesthetic, oral anesthesia, inhalational anaesthetic, narcotic-soaked sponge, tracheotomy, parasitology, pharmacopoeia* Konrad Zuse, (22 June 1910-18 December 1995), Germany - invented the first Computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4)* Vasily Zvyozdochkin, (1876-1956), Russia - matryoshka doll (together with Sergey Malyutin)* Vladimir Zworykin, (1889-1982), Russia/U.S. - Iconoscope, kinescope.
