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How do you calculate spectral efficiency?
1.Find the Fourier Transform of the pulse used to transmit data over the channel. 2.Determine the bitrate of the signal by the modulation format (QPSK for example has 2bits/symbol so 1 symbol per second would equate to 2 bits/s) 3.The first null in the Fourier transform is the required bandwidth (~0.75 x bitrate in optical communications, depends on channel) 4. Divide bits/s by the required bandwidth to find the spectral efficiency.
What is the efficiency of a transformer?
The "all day" efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of energy out/energy in for a given all day cycle.
What is an amp symbol?
The symbol used for amperage in formulas is the letter "I", for voltage "E" for watts "W". The formula for watts is W = I x E.CommentThe symbol for electric current is I; the symbol for ampere is A. The symbol for voltage is E, V, or U, depending upon context, and the symbol for volt is V. The symbol for power is P, and the symbol for watt is W.
When is the efficiency maximum in a transformer?
the efficiency is maximum in a transformer when no load loss is equal to load loss.
What is the efficiency of a 172.5Watt heater which draws 2A from a domestic supply?
Heaters have an efficiency around 99%.
What insect was napoleon's symbol of industry and efficiency?
ant?
What is the symbol for optimum?
The symbol for optimum is usually denoted by a dot or a small circle. It represents the point of highest efficiency or best performance in a given context.
What does the symbol of the saw represent?
The symbol of the saw often represents hard work, craftsmanship, and efficiency. It can also symbolize cutting through obstacles or challenges to achieve a goal.
What is the disadvantage of dpsk?
Less spectral efficiency because the first symbol is only used only for reference.
Who is the god of efficiency?
There isn't a specific god associated with efficiency in most mythologies or religions. However, some people may view Hephaestus from Greek mythology as a symbol of craftsmanship and efficiency due to his skill in creating intricate works.
Blending of words enercon?
The blending of the words "energy" and "icon" to create "enercon" may signify a powerful or iconic symbol of energy. It could also represent a new and innovative approach to energy or a symbol that embodies energy efficiency and sustainability.
How do symbol scanners help businesses?
Symbol scanners help businesses by providing a quick, mobile scanning tool. This allows for faster and more accurate inventory cataloging, quicker checkout for merchants and better efficiency of employees and quality control.
What is efficiency effectiveness?
Efficiency effectiveness can only be measured by results; cost efficiency, time efficiency, output efficiency, etc.
What is formula of total efficiency?
Total efficiency is calculated by multiplying the efficiency of individual components together. The formula is: Total Efficiency = Efficiency of Component 1 * Efficiency of Component 2 * ... * Efficiency of Component n.
Please design a modem to transmit in a passband channel from 0 Hz to 3 KHz. The targeting bandwidth efficiency is 4 bits/sec/Hz. Please find the appropriate modulation, symbol rate, bit rate, raised-cosine roll-off factor, and carrier frequency?
Given the constraints of the passband channel, the most appropriate modulation scheme to use would be Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). This modulation scheme is capable of achieving high data throughput, which is necessary for the targeted bandwidth efficiency of 4 bits/sec/Hz. The symbol rate (SR) should be chosen so that it is within the given passband channel, while also allowing for a high enough bit rate to reach the targeted efficiency. To do this, the SR should be chosen to be in the range of 1Khz to 3Khz, depending on the specific requirements of the system. The bit rate (BR) should be chosen based on the symbol rate and the targeted bandwidth efficiency. For a given symbol rate, the bit rate can be calculated by multiplying the symbol rate by the number of bits per symbol. For example, if the symbol rate is 1Khz, then the bit rate can be calculated as 1Khz x 4 bits/symbol = 4Kbps. The raised-cosine roll-off factor should be chosen based on the specific requirements of the system. Generally, a roll-off factor of 0.25 is a good choice and will provide good performance. The carrier frequency should be chosen based on the specific requirements of the system. Generally, a carrier frequency in the range of 1Khz to 3Khz is a good choice.
What is the coal energy efficiency?
If it is burned - which is the way such fuels are usually used - the energy efficiency is the energy efficiency of a heat engine. The theoretical maximum efficiency is the Carnot efficiency; the real efficiency will usually be considerably less than that.
What is the word for efficiency in greek?
efficiency
