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Presently, there are six known methods for producing a voltage or electromotive force (emf). Some of these methods are more widely used than others, and some are used mostly for specific applications. Following is a list of the six known methods of producing a voltage.

1. FRICTION - Voltage produced by rubbing certain materials together.

2. PRESSURE (piezoelectricity) - Voltage produced by squeezing crystals of certain substances.

3. HEAT (thermoelectricity) - Voltage produced by heating the joint (junction) where two unlike metals are joined.

4. LIGHT (photoelectricity) - Voltage produced by light striking photosensitive (light sensitive) substances.

5. CHEMICAL ACTION - Voltage produced by chemical reaction in a battery cell.

6. MAGNETISM - Voltage produced in a conductor when the conductor moves through a magnetic field, or a magnetic field moves through the conductor in such a manner as to cut the magnetic lines of force of the field.

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