The lazy way is to use a dynamic cast. The correct way is to use virtual functions in the base class. That way you don't ever need to know the derived type -- it simply does what is expected of it.
In C++, overriding and function, method, or operator is a different thing than (dynamic) polymorphism, so overriding a polymorphic method is almost entirely possible.
Of course they are used. Both stand-alone and class-member functions are used in C++.
Stack is an abstract data type that allows you to input and output data in a way that the first data which was placed in the stack will be the last one to get out. We use physical examples of stack in our daily lives such as the stack of dishes or stack of coins where you only add or remove objects from the top of the stack. You can see the implementation in c++ in related links, below.
The C++ standard has this to say about dynamic initialisation:"Objects with static storage duration shall be zero-initialised before any other initialisation takes place. Zero-initialisation and initialisation with a constant expression are collectively called static initialisation; all other initialisation is dynamic initialisation."
Constant data and constant functions.
Static binding occurs at compile time. Dynamic binding occurs at runtime.
Yes, there can be friend functions in C++.
Dynamic binding is achieved via virtual functions and the virtual table that is associated with every class that declares or inherits a virtual function. The virtual table (or v-table) maps every virtual function (including pure-virtual functions) to a function pointer that points to the most-derived overload. This makes it possible to invoke specific behaviour even when the runtime type of the object is unknown to the caller.
The lazy way is to use a dynamic cast. The correct way is to use virtual functions in the base class. That way you don't ever need to know the derived type -- it simply does what is expected of it.
By working from the inside out. Since all functions and data types must be forward declared, it makes sense to design these first. This means you must break the problem down into its component parts, identify the key classes and other data types required by your program and design them first.
In C++, overriding and function, method, or operator is a different thing than (dynamic) polymorphism, so overriding a polymorphic method is almost entirely possible.
Of course they are used. Both stand-alone and class-member functions are used in C++.
because c++ supports all the basic concepts of oop :1.objects,2.classes,3.data abstraction and encapsulation,4.inheritance,5.polymorphism,6.dynamic binding,5.message passing.
Stack is an abstract data type that allows you to input and output data in a way that the first data which was placed in the stack will be the last one to get out. We use physical examples of stack in our daily lives such as the stack of dishes or stack of coins where you only add or remove objects from the top of the stack. You can see the implementation in c++ in related links, below.
No, they are functions. Operators are -> or ++or /=
One.