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What is prestressed spun concrete pile?
Prestressed Spun Concrete PileFoundations of any building or structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand safely all the dead, imposed and wind loads without impairing the stability or inducing excessive movement to the building or of any other building, street, land, slope or services. The allowable capacity of the soil/rock under working loads where any foundation is founded shall be the lesser of : the ultimate capacity for bearing, bond or friction with an adequate factor of safety against failure; orthe value in relation to bearing, bond or friction such that the maximum deformation or movement induced to the foundation under working loads can be tolerated by the building, any other building, structure, land, street and services.The allowable capacity may be increased by 25% when such increase is solely due to wind effects. In determining the said factor of safety against failure, due consideration shall be given to the form and depth of the foundation, loading characteristics, the general geological conditions of the ground and its surrounding including the presence of dissolution features, jointing conditions and any other relevant characteristics for rock.Prestressed Concrete Spun Piles should be driven to relatively stiff stratum with sufficient embedded length in residual soil or decomposed rock in order to develop the high bearing capacity and minimize the amount of long-term settlement. The effect of soil movement and percussion during driving on the stability of any adjacent building, structure, land, street and services should be carefully assessed. Stringent requirements on performance test and quality control are usually required for this type of pile. Where it is necessary to drive the pile into thick layer of stiff soil, steel conical pile shoes with cross stiffener should be used.Segmented Prestressed Concrete Spun PilesLarge diameter spun concrete piles are often manufactured with centrifugal casting in segments 8 to 16 ft (2.4 to 4.9 m) in length. Longitudinal holes are formed during casting to re ceive post-tensioning strands or wires. Stressing follows assembly of the segments and proper application of the joint sealant material. Such sealing material (generally polyester resin) should be of sufficient thickness to fill all voids be tween surfaces. The pile sections should be brought into contact and held together under compression while the sealing material sets. After completing the prestressing, all tendons should be fully grouted and stress on tendons maintained until the grout develops the required strength. Grouting should follow the procedures outlined in the PCI Recommended PracticeDriven Prestressed Spun Concrete PilesThe high strength prestressed spun concrete piles, commonly driven with hydraulic impact hammers or preferably installed with jacked-in rigs when considering the stricter regulations with respect to noise and vibrations in more urban areas, often offer a competitive choice of foundation system for projects with medium and high loadings. They are widely used in foundations for schools, high-rise buildings, factories, ports, bridges and power plants in this region. In early years, the main construction control for driven piles was mostly based on the measurement of set of each pile coupled with a selected small number of non instrumented static load tests to verify the specified load-settlement requirements. In recent years, with critical evolution in the understanding of the load transfer and bearing behavior of piles mainly through analysis of instrumented full-scale load tests (particularly for bored cast-in-place piles), many engineers can now appreciate that the pile performance is not simply a matter of ultimate load value alone. According to Fleming (1996) some of the basic parameters required for forecasting pile deformation under loads include (a) Ultimate shaft load and its characteristics of transformation to the ground; (b) Ultimate base load; (c) Stiffness of the soil below the pile base; (d) Pile dimensions; and (e) Stiffness of the pile material. This recent development in the understanding of the load transfer and bearing behaviour of piles in fact exerted a significant and positive influence on the evolution of codes of practice and design methods for foundations in some countries. For example, the revised Singapore Standard on Code of Practice for Foundations CP4: 2003, recommends that the static load test on preliminary test pile be instrumented to measure the transfer of load from the pile shaft and pile toe to the soil. The Code also recommends that for driven piles (similar to bored cast-in-place piles), the axial load capacity can be evaluated empirically from correlation with standard penetration tests SPT N-values (which are widely used in this region) using modified Meyerhof Equation, where the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile in compression is given by:Qu = Ks*Ns*As + Kb*(40Nb)*AbWhere:Qu is the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile, kN;Ks is the empirical design factor relating ultimate shaft load to SPT values, kN/ m2 per SPT blow;Ns is the SPT value for the pile shaft, blows/300mm;As is the perimeter area of the shaft, m2;Kb is the empirical design factor relating ultimate end bearing load to SPT values, kN/ m2per SPT blow;Nb is the SPT value for the pile base, blows/300mm;Ab is the cross-sectional area of the pile base, m2.For bored piles, instrumentation using sacrificial cast-in vibrating wire strain gauges and mechanical tell-tales which permit for monitoring of axial loads and movements at various levels down the pile shaft including the pile toe level had been practiced successfully within limits of accuracy posed by constraints inherent of the installation method, in this region for many decades, allowing insight evaluation of Ks and Kb factors, (Chan, S.F.& Lee, P.C.S.,1990,; S.F. Chan, 2004, Abdul Aziz, H.M. & S.K. Lee, S.K., 2005; H.M. Abdul Aziz , H.M. & Lee, S.K. 2006).For precast driven piles, the application of instrumented full-scale static load tests is far more challenging than their bored pile counterparts due to significant difference in method of pile installation. Due to practical shortcoming of conventional instrumentation method and the lack of innovation in this area, instrumented full-scale static load tests are in fact rarely used in driven pile application in this region. Therefore, the far lacking driven pile industry is long due for a better technology to revolutionize the methodology in the acquisition of design data in a more accurate and reliable way, to catch up with the evolution in the design methods.
What are the methods used to minimize the average flowtimes of tasks?
Actually, If the problem is only for processing n jobs on only one machine, the solution to minimize the average flow time is easy by using SPT method (short processing time). The method goes by assigning the jobs with short processing times first . But the problem becomes more challenging when there are m machines; in this case Johnson algorithm is used which only guarantees the optimality for two machines only . For more than two machines, integer integer programming modes are used.
What is the mass in metric tons of 500 cubic meters of sand?
The density of granular soils such as sands depends on their level of compaction. See table below:ADescription - SPT N - Bulk DensityVery loose - 0 to 4 - 50 - >2100Where SPT N = Standard Penetration Test No.Bulk Density = kgm-3As such the mass of 500m3 of sand may be anywhere from less than 800 to over 1,050 metric tonnes.Source:Cobb, F. (2009) Structural Engineer's Pocket Book. Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
How Bearing capacity of soil can be calculated from spt n values?
SPT n Values can help to calculate the Bearing Capacity of any soil specimen as they will combine to change the density of the soil by extracting various chemicals such as helium and hydrogen.
How is maximum capacity bearing identified?
Maximum capacity bearing is identified through a combination of field tests, laboratory analysis, and engineering calculations. Common methods include Standard Penetration Tests (SPT), Cone Penetration Tests (CPT), and load testing on piles or foundations. These tests help determine soil properties, including shear strength and compaction, allowing engineers to calculate the load-bearing capacity of the soil. Additionally, factors such as soil type, moisture content, and depth are also considered in the assessment.
When was SPT TV created?
SPT TV was created in 1986.
What does the acronym SPT stand for in retail?
Sales per transaction
What are the differences between spt-1 and spt-2 cables and which one would be more suitable for my project?
SPT-1 cables are thinner and have a lower ampacity compared to SPT-2 cables, which are thicker and can handle higher currents. If your project requires higher power or longer distances, SPT-2 cables would be more suitable.
When was Blue Comet SPT Layzner created?
Blue Comet SPT Layzner was created on 1986-10-21.
What is the difference between spt-1 and spt-2 wire?
spt-1, spt-2 & spt-3 wire difference: #3 has the thickest exterior .................................. The longer answer: spt-1, spt-2 & spt-3 = Stranded, Parallel, Thermoplastic (lamp cord) = "zip wire." It is the commonly-seen, flat, 2-conductor electrical cord found in most homes, with #18 gauge stranded copper wire inside. They connect table lamps, fans, clocks, extension cords, & Christmas lights. The difference between SPT-1, SPT-2 and SPT-3 rests with their protective exterior, each having heavier construction than the previous number. All are rated for a 7 amp load. Electricians like "zip cord" because the parallel wires can easily be snipped and pulled apart (unzipped) to quickly wire a plug or lamp. ---spt-3: is the newest cord , it has the thickest thermoplastic insulator, and has been the required size for most consumer electric items since the 1980's. ---spt-1: has the thinnest exterior and was introduced around the 1950's as the modern replacement for the twisted-pair cloth+rubber cords of the 1920's. Although spt-1 is still sold on spools, it has been gradually phased out for most consumer lighting because UL lab tests showed it prone to wear when people abused it (running under carpets, extreme abrasion, etc.). SPT-1 can still be found on many light-duty Christmas sets. .......... written by dave from austin, texas
What were the loyalist jobs?
to spt on the patriots
What is the full form of spt bridge?
Beige
What is the spt number?
That is the standard penetration test.
What is the phone number of the Cortland Regional Spt Council in Cortland New York?
The phone number of the Cortland Regional Spt Council is: 607-756-1864.
When was the last signature applied to the constitution?
spt. 17
