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Quenching diodes are used to protect the control circuit of a relay. Power is applied to a relay's coil to close it. When this power is released there is a backwards flowing pulse that can wipe out solid state devices like transistors, LEDs, chips, etc...

The quenching diode is applied in parallel with the relay coil so that the cathode is on the positive side. During normal operation, the diode doesn't conduct and the relay operates normally.

When the relay is switched off, the "reversed" back pulse is absorbed due to the low voltage drop of the diode which limits the spike.

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