Torque wrenches depend on a modern generalisation of Hooke's Law. The deformation of an elastic material (even the steel out of which parts of a torque wrench are made) is proportional to the stress to which it is subjected.
When you use a torque wrench part of it follows the thing your turning and part of it does not. That part of the torque wrench twists slightly; it's being deformed and obeys Hooke's Law. The more twist, the more torque is being applied. The needle amplifies the amount of twist so that you can read the torque on the gauge.
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yes
the most accurate calibrated torque wrench was using the TWT torque wrench tester products that produce by Stahlwille. Its also called transducer.
There's a world of difference. A torque wrench is a hand tool used to tighten fasteners to a preset torque specification. An impact wrench is a power tool which uses power actuated hammers to tighten a fastener for high torque applications.
No, it is a device for setting torque.
Experience. ----------------- If the bolt is horizontal : With weights, you can take a wrench of known length and knowing the torque needed, calculate the amount of weight needed to apply the proper torque to the wrench when it is horizontal. Otherwise you can only guess at it.