pile is the steel layer and pier is the outer most layer'
If the soil is so lose that it cant hold the building even with pile foundation. So, piled raft foundation is used which make the building to float like a boat. That obeys Archimedes' principle-it is buoyed up by the weight of the earth displaced in creating the foundation.
to prevent collapse aspect of boring
Pile cap formwork is the formwork built to mold the concrete that binding together the pile or group of piles and the structure supported by the piles such as structure's foundation or column.
Well foundation is the most commonly adopted foundation for major bridges in India. Since then many major bridges across wide rivers have been founded on wells. Well foundation is preferable to pile foundation when foundation has to resist large lateral forces.
its depend on the soil bearing capacity
In simple words, It basically determines the load bearing capacity of rock below the earth surface. If soil is weal enough that it can not support the load, then we bore below earth and find out rock location and conduct pile load testing to measure load bearing capacity. For example, pile foundation are provided are provided in highway bridge foundations if soil is weak...... Geotechnical Engineering.......
Pile foundation is used in case 1. sandy soil or at the places where the safe bearing capacity of the soil is very low 2.The load to be transferred is very high n the foundation area is less 3.Area is earthquake prone 4.Area is waterborne or has water logging problem
This can be done by physically loading the pile by a test load which is 1.5 times the design load on the pile, or by other indirect methods like dynamic test methods. D mohan
allowable structural capacity
A mat or raft foundation is suitable for laterite soil due to its high compressibility and low bearing capacity. These types of foundations help distribute the load evenly and prevent differential settlement in the soil. Additionally, pile foundations can also be a good option for areas with laterite soil to reach a more stable stratum for support.
concrete qty for bulb portion in pile foundation
types of foundation....1. shallow foundation 2. deep foundation 3. pile foundation
To calculate the effective overburden pressure on a pile toe, you would typically need to consider the weight of the soil above the pile toe that contributes to the effective stress. This can be calculated using the unit weight of the soil and the depth at which the pile toe is located. The effective overburden pressure helps determine the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of the pile.
Pile foundations are typically much deeper than they are wide. This means that their ability to resist loads is mainly derived from the vertical friction of the side of the pile against the soil (skin friction). However it should be noted that a number of closely spaced piles will act as a group and as such can also have significant resistance to loads by end bearing. Regular foundations rely on the bearing pressure between the soil and the underside of the foundation, they are cheaper and more common. Piles will be used when greater forces are needed to be transferred to the ground over a smaller area, such as with high rise buildings and those in densely built up areas where land comes at a premium and ground movements will affect neighbouring buildings. A pile can be thought of as analagous to a tent peg whereas an ordinary foundation is like a flagstone.
Shallow foundation: A type of foundation that is used when the earth directly beneath a structure has sufficient bearing capacity to sustain the loads from the structure Deep foundation: A type of foundation that is used when the soil near the ground surface is weak. 1. Light, flexible structure: older residential construction, residential construction which include a basement, and in many commercial structures, 2. Nice soil condition: hard, uniform soil. 3. Cheaper than deep foundation 4. Easier construction 5. Typically types: spreading footing foundation, slab-on-grade foundation, pad foundation, strip foundation, and raft foundation. Spreading footing foundation: controlled by several factors: lateral and vertical capacity, penetration through near surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell. Mat-slab foundation: the distribution of loads in a mat slab helps reduce differential settlement due to the non-uniform building loads 1. Heavy, rigid structure: other uncommon building, such as large bridge, tower, and the Empire State Building. 2. Poor soil condition: liquefaction, soft clay and sands. 3. Typically more expansive 4. More complex to construct and more time than shallow foundation. 5. Typically types: battered piles, bearing piles, caissons, and friction piles. Friction piles: Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived partly from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the soil and the surrounding soil. End bearing piles: End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile.
It does not meant that pile foundation is only applicable for soft soils alone. For other type of soils it will not be much economical.