Unlike abstract class in C++, the abstract class in C# does not have any methods defined as virtual by default. The concept of virtual are not the same between C# and C++, either. Any virtual method must be defined explicitly in C#.
Related to abstract methods - interestingly, an abstract class in C# does not have to have any abstract methods. However, the reverse, if a class need to have at least one abstract method, that class must be defined as abstract.
An abstract class is any class definition that contains at least one pure-virtual function. class AbstractClass { public: virtual void DoSomething()=0; // Pure-virtual. };
A class can either be default or public it can never be declared as private, so the question of abstract class at the file level does not arise. But an inner class can be declared private and abstract as well.
an abstract class is nothing but class which contains both abstract and concrete methods for abstract class we r nt create object Syntax for pure abstract class is abstract class x { public void abstract y(); public void abstract z(); public void abc() { }
Virtual Functions and Pure Virtual Functions are relevant in the context of class inheritance.Unlike Virtual Functions, Pure Virtual Functions do not require a body. This implies that when a base class defining such a function is inherited, the derived class must implement that function. Furthermore, the base class becomes abstract; meaning you cannot create an instance of the base class even if a body is implemented for the function. You are expected to derive from abstract classes; only the derived classes that implement all the inherited Pure Virtual functions can be instantiated.Here are some examples of Virtual and Pure Virtual function signatures:- Virtual Function: E.g. virtual void myFunction();- Pure Virtual Function: E.g. virtual void myFunction() = 0;
All the methods declared inside an Interface are abstract. Where as abstract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract. In Interface we need not use the keyword abstract for the methods.
abstract class is a class label with abstract. It is just like a common class, with the following characterics: 1. Abstract class cannot be instantiate with an instance. 2. Abstract class may have abstract methods, while the normal class cannot have abstract methods. a virtual function in C# is a way to provide a default implementation for the class hierarchy. Both abstract class and common class (not sealed) can have virtual methods/ functions. Note that an abstract method (of an abstract class) is defining the intent, no codes (no default behavior), the implementation are left for the derived classes to do so. The virtual function if defined in an abstract class must define the implementation, the minimum is to do nothing: public abstract class Vehicle { public abstract int GetNumberOfTires(); public virtual void Move() { // default is doing nothing} } public class Car : Vehicle { public override int GetNumberOfTires() { return 4; } public override void Move() { throws new OutOfFuelExpection(); } }
They are not comparable, but may have some relationship between them.An abstract class is a class, while a virtual function (or method) is a method. A method must exist within a class. Hence, a class has methods, and the methods may be defined as virtual functions.A virtual function must be defined in a class, but that class does not have to be an abstract class. However, the purpose of a virtual function in C# is to provide a default behavior/implementation, while allowing the derived class to override that default implementation, hence it makes no sense to define a virtual function in a sealed class (a leaf, that is, no class can extend from it, and it is not an abstract class)Example:public class Parent {public virtual string MostCommonPhrase() {return "You better listen to me...";}}public class Child : Parent {public override string MostCommonPhrase() {return "You never listen to me...";}}
An abstract class is any class definition that contains at least one pure-virtual function. class AbstractClass { public: virtual void DoSomething()=0; // Pure-virtual. };
A class can either be default or public it can never be declared as private, so the question of abstract class at the file level does not arise. But an inner class can be declared private and abstract as well.
an abstract class is nothing but class which contains both abstract and concrete methods for abstract class we r nt create object Syntax for pure abstract class is abstract class x { public void abstract y(); public void abstract z(); public void abc() { }
Virtual Functions and Pure Virtual Functions are relevant in the context of class inheritance.Unlike Virtual Functions, Pure Virtual Functions do not require a body. This implies that when a base class defining such a function is inherited, the derived class must implement that function. Furthermore, the base class becomes abstract; meaning you cannot create an instance of the base class even if a body is implemented for the function. You are expected to derive from abstract classes; only the derived classes that implement all the inherited Pure Virtual functions can be instantiated.Here are some examples of Virtual and Pure Virtual function signatures:- Virtual Function: E.g. virtual void myFunction();- Pure Virtual Function: E.g. virtual void myFunction() = 0;
All the methods declared inside an Interface are abstract. Where as abstract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract. In Interface we need not use the keyword abstract for the methods.
I have to assume the question is for C#, not C, because C does not provide abstract class concept.public abstract class A1 { public virtual void SayHi() { Console.WriteLine("Hello World"); }public abstract void DoSomething();}The above abstract class A1 contains 1 virtual method and 1 abstract method. [Note that because of the abstract keyword for Dosomething(), A1 must be declared as abstract. An abstract class DOES NOT have to have any abstract methods!!)The virtual function SayHi() provides a implementation, while the abstract function provides nothing but only the method signature( the name of the method, the return type, and method parameters and their data types). The derived class of A1 has the option to override SayHi() and must implement (or defer to subclasses of this derived class) the method DoSomething()
No, it is not necessary, but the derived class will be rendered abstract as well. Sometimes that can be desirable. Only derived classes that provide a complete implementation of all inherited pure-virtual methods can actually be instantiated. However, derived classes can also inherit pure-virtual implementations from any intermediate base classes, but not from the least-derived abstract base classes (where the pure-virtual methods originated). Abstract base classes can also provide their own default implementations of their own pure-virtual methods, but they cannot be called implicitly, even from the base class itself. These methods must still be overridden by derived classes, even if an override only needs to explicitly call the base class method.
Private virtual functions are useful when you expect a particular method to be overridden, but do not wish the override to be called from outside of the base class. That is, the base class implementation and its overrides remain private to the base class.Private virtual methods are particularly useful in implementing template method patterns, where certain algorithmic steps need to be deferred to subclasses, but where those steps need not be exposed to those subclasses. In many cases the private virtual methods will be declared pure-virtual, thus rendering the base class an abstract base class.
An abstract class is a class that cannot be directly instantiated. The purpose of such a class is to put some logic in a base class and force derived classes to implement the remaining functionality. Since the full functionality is only available in the derived class, the base class is declared as abstract so that it cannot be instantiated directly.
You can't put an abstract method (pure-virtual method) in a normal class because the normal class would become abstract itself. Only non-abstract classes can be physically instantiated as objects, and only if they fully implement all the abstract methods inherited from their base classes.