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What is relation between antenna gain and beamwidth?
bandwidth refers to the amount of the frequency spectrum that a signal resides in.example, the spacing between channels on radio are determined by their bandwidth. beamwidth is a physical characteristic of an antenna. they generally mark the point bore sight of a directional antenna that are at -3dB or half power
The number of crystals or active element in the transducer has the greatest effect on?
The number of crystals or active elements in the transducer has the greatest effect on the resolution and beamwidth of the ultrasound beam produced. More crystals or elements can result in higher resolution and narrower beamwidth. This can improve the detail and quality of the ultrasound image obtained.
What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 760 hertz and a wavelength of 0.45M?
The wave speed is (frequency) x (wavelength) = 342 meters per second.We can't describe its velocity, because we don't have any informtion aboutits direction, beamwidth, etc.
Bearing resolution of a sonar?
Bearing resolution in sonar refers to the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects in terms of their direction relative to the sonar transducer. It depends on factors like the beamwidth, signal processing techniques, and the frequency of the sonar system. Higher bearing resolution allows for better target discrimination and localization.
What is half power beamwidth of broad side array?
In telecommunication, the term beamwidthhas the following meanings:1. In a radio antennapattern, the half power beam width is the angle between the half-power (-3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peakeffective radiated power of the main lobe. See beam diameter. Beamwidthis usually but not always expressed in degrees and for the horizontal plane.2. For the optical regime, see
How Radar range related to Antenna gain?
Radar range is affected by various factors, including the transmitted power, beamwidth, frequency, propagation losses, and antenna gain. Antenna gain plays a crucial role in determining the effective range of a radar system, as it focuses the transmitted energy in a particular direction, increasing the signal strength in that direction and consequently extending the radar range. A higher antenna gain typically results in a longer radar range by improving the system's ability to detect and track targets at greater distances.
What is the world's most powerful handheld searchlight?
Maxabeam Searchlight ....is the most well known, is a VERY powerful 75W short arc xenon handheld light, used in dozens of Hollywood movies, military, and was designed for search and rescue. It is focusable and due to its unique design can geneerate a very precise pinpoint beam to extreme distances up to light targets a mile or more away, and is visible almost 18 miles away. It is part of a modular system but designed to be a handheld searchlight. With battery and charger (basic strip down kit) it retails for almost $4000USD. At tightest focus/narrowest beamwidth/longest range it spreads out to about 4-5 degrees of beam angle, illuminating a small area instead. BUT There are two other handheld searchlights that dwarf the Maxabeam's performance. At a quarter of the Maxabeam's price, XeVision produces a 75W high intensity discharge (HID) handheld with substantially more output and higher performance, also focusable, but cannot quite match the pinpoint (super long range / ultranarrow beam) beam due to the lighting element design. Xenon short arc lamps (like the Maxabeam) can be focused to extremely narrow beam widths to illuminate a very small area a long distance away. HID lights like the XeRay produce light from comparatively large electrical arcs (no filaments in either, rather ultrabright arcs of light between two electrodes so even when tightly focused cannot quite match the ultimate range of the Maxabeam, but produce massively larger areas of light of greater intensity. AND FINALLY the No Holds Barred reigning world champion: The Maxabeam uses a 75W arc xenon lamp and has a longstanding record of high performance and reliability, but it is utterly outclassed by a light called (appropriately) the MegaRay. Using a 175W (more than 250% more light) short arc Xenon lamp combined with a focusable ultranarrow beamwidth of six degrees maximum to a mindboggling TWO degrees (laser-like) minimum, it simply has no equal with current technology.Simply the Ferrari of handheld searchlights. www.megaray.com. For an independent review with nightime beamshots see http://www.cones-stuff.co.uk/MegaRay%20175.htm. Naturally, the price (if you have to ask) is Ferrari-like as well (over $10000USD) but they are available for short term rental or lease. There is nothing currently available commercially that comes anywhere near this very specialized design in performance.
Who is better active electronically scanned array radar or passive electronically scanned array radar?
Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) and the Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) are basically same in technology and principles of operation , both systems are capable of steer its beam Electronically through utilization of Phase Shifter hence it could be made in fully solid state configuration where no moving parts required (like APG-77 Radar on F-22 or Zhuk-AE Radar onboard MiG-35) they're only differs in source of Radio Frequency (RF) source The AESA uses multiple numbers of Radiating Elements where each of them have their own Transmitter and Receiver Module, making the Antenna where those modules located become "active" because it can Radiate by itself While the PESA system uses common RF source that usually found in conventional Radar like Klystrons, Magnetrons and Travelling Wave Tubes (this one especially, most common in Airborne Application like Fighter Radar). In Terms of Advantages the AESA system is typically better than PESA because of following factors : 1.because the Antenna Elements contain its own Transmitter and Receiver modules and located Right behind the Radiator, it would have lower or even No accidental loss , unlike her PESA sister which still require a connection to be made between its RF source to Radiating elements , incidental loss may occur. 2. High fault tolerance, failure of some modules will not hamper the operation of Radar (typical AESA Radar may contain 100++ Elements) however the entire device would fail if the failure occurs in 10% of total module counts. 3.No Single Point Failure , since basically each modules in active Version contains its own transmitter and Receiver modules, the passive device however since it still use single Transmitter device like Traveling Wave tube , failure of the transmitter may hamper the RADAR operations Answers by :Xenostrike 06 a.k.a Stealthflanker an Illegally Banned member from Electrosphere EDIT- Bit improvements and adding single point failure in previous answer Just to help point the above answer at the questions Passive systems have a single point of failure in its transmit devices (Travelling Wave Tubes,Wave Guides, Microstrips and Power Dividers as well as Antenna Feed System) . Active antenna do not have a single point of failure and a meant to degrades performance gracefully except probably malfunctions in its tapering systems or when the beam is steered in very high deflection angle which will reduce antenna effective Area, increase beamwidth hence reducing gain an compromise detection range. Active versions are much more flexible as phase can be varied in each or a groups of Radiating elements to create different waveforms or beamshapes .
Improving communication routes of high altitude?
ABSTRACTBroadband wireless millimeter wavelength services provided from a High Altitude Long Operation (HALO™) Aircraft are now feasible. Our talk will emphasize the conceptual design of a "bandwidth-on-demand" wireless network whose data rates to and from the subscriber will measure in the multi-megabit per second range. A variety of metropolitan area spectrum bands offer the needed bandwidth. An attractive choice is the LMDS band near 28 GHz and system characteristics at this frequency will be described.The HALO™ Aircraft fuselage will house packet switching circuitry and fast digital network functions. The communications antenna and related components will be located in a pod suspended below the aircraft fuselage. To offer "ubiquitous" service throughout a large region, the HALO™ antenna will utilize multiple beams arranged in a typical cellular pattern. Broadband channels to subscribers in adjacent cells will be separated in frequency. As the beams traverse over a user location, the virtual path through the packet switch will be changed to perform a beam-to-beam handoff.Overviews of the system architecture and the network elements will be presented along with descriptions of the frequency plan and equipment. The utilization of components under development for terrestrial LMDS products will be described.Keywords: HALO™ Aircraft, HALO™ Network, Cone of Commerce™, broadband wireless services, metropolitan area network, switched broadband, megabit data services, packet switching, wireless multimedia1. BACKGROUND [Top of Page]1.1 IntroductionPassage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act and the slow growth of infrastructure for transacting multimedia messages (those integrating voice, text, sound, images, and video) have stimulated an intense race to deploy non-traditional infrastructure to serve businesses and consumers at affordable prices. The game is new and the playing field is more level than ever before. Opportunities exist for entrepreneurs to challenge the market dominance enjoyed for years by incumbents. New types of service providers will emerge.An electronic "information fabric" of a quilted character-including space, atmospheric, and terrestrial data communications layers-will emerge that promises to someday link every digital information device on the planet. Packet-switched data networks will meld with connection-oriented telephony networks. Communications infrastructures will be shared more efficiently among users to offer dramatic reductions in cost and large increases of effective data rates. An era of inexpensive bandwidth has begun which will transform the nature of commerce.The convergence of innovative technologies and manufacturing capabilities affecting aviation, millimeter wave wireless, and multi-media communications industries enables Angel Technologies Corporation and its partners to pursue new wireless broadband communications services. The HALO™ Network will offer ubiquitous access to any subscriber within a "super metropolitan area" from an aircraft operating at high altitude. The aircraft will serve as the hub of the HALO™ Network serving tens to hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Each subscriber will be able to communicate at multi-megabit per second data rates through a simple-to-install subscriber unit. The HALO™ Network will be steadily evolved at a pace with the emergence of data communications technology world-wide. The HALO™ Network will be a universal wireless communications network solution. It will be deployed globally on a city-by-city basis.The equipment needed to perform the functions of this broadband wireless service will be evolutionary in nature, not revolutionary. Most of the technology already exists. The engineering effort will be focused primarily at adapting and integrating the existing components and subsystems from terrestrial markets into a complete network solution. Proven technology will be used to the maximum extent. Since the HALO™ Aircraft are operated from regional airports, the equipment will be routinely maintained and calibrated. This also allows for equipment upgrades as technology advances yield lower cost and weight and provide increased performance.1.2 Wireless Broadband Communications MarketThere are various facts that show the strong interest in wireless communications in the United States:50 million subscribers to wireless telephone service28 million dollars annual revenue for wireless services38,000 cell sites with 37 billion dollars cumulative capital investment40% annual growth in customers25 million personal computers sold each year50 million PC users with Internet access"The demand for Internet services is exploding and this creates a strong demand for broadband, high data rate service. It is expected that there will soon be a worldwide demand for Internet service in the hundreds of millions". (Lou Gerstner, IBM, April 1997) The growth in use of the World Wide Web and electronic commerce will stimulate demand for broadband services.1.3 A Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkHALO™ Aircraft Provides Wireless Broadband Services over Metropolitan CentersAn airplane specially designed for high altitude flight with a payload capacity of approximately one ton is being developed for commercial wireless services. It will circle at high altitudes for extended periods of time and it will serve as a stable platform from which broadband communications services will be offered. The High Altitude Long Operation (HALO™) Aircraft will maintain station at an altitude of 52 to 60 thousand feet by flying in a circle with a diameter of about 5 to 8 nautical miles. Three successive shifts on station of 8 hours each can provide continuous coverage of an area for 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Such a system can provide broadband multimedia communications to the general public.One such platform will cover an area of approximately 2800 square miles encompassing a typical metropolitan area. A viewing angle of 20 degrees or higher will be chosen to facilitate good line-of-sight coverage at millimeter wave (MMW) frequencies (20 GHz or higher). Operation at MMW frequencies enables broadband systems to be realized, i.e., from spectrum bandwidths of 1 to 6 GHz. MMW systems also permit very narrow beamwidths to be realized with small aperture antennas. Furthermore, since the aircraft is above most of the earth's oxygen, links to satellite constellations can be implemented using the frequencies overlapping the 60 GHz absorption band for good immunity from ground-based interference and good isolation from inter-satellite links.The HALO™ Network can utilize a cellular pattern on the ground so that each cell uses one of four frequency sub-bands, each having a bandwidth up to 60 MHz each way. A fifth sub-band can be used for gateways (connections to the public network or dedicated users). Each cell will cover an area of a few square miles. The entire bandwidth will be reused many times to achieve total coverage throughout the 2800 square mile area served by the airborne platform. The total capacity of the network supported by a single airborne platform can be greater than 100 Gbps. This is comparable to terrestrial fiber-optic (FO) networks and can provide two-way broadband multimedia services normally available only via FO networks.The HALO™ Network provides an alternative to satellite- and ground-based systems. Unlike satellite systems, however, the airborne system concentrates all of the spectrum usage in certain geographic areas, which minimizes frequency coordination problems and permits sharing of frequency with ground-based systems. Enough power is available from the aircraft power generator to allow broadband data access from small user terminals.1.4 A New Layer in the Wireless InfrastructureRaytheon TI Systems and Angel Technologies Corporation have the opportunity to serve the growing wireless communications market by using a HALO™ Aircraft that transmits high-speed data traffic throughout a metropolitan region. The goal is to interconnect more than 100,000 subscribers within a metropolitan center and its surrounding communities through a star topology network. This HALO™ Network has the benefits of low cost, high flexibility, and high quality of service.HALO™ Aircraft provide a new layer in the traditional hierarchy of wireless communications. The HALO™ Network can be thought of as a "tall tower" approach that provides better line of sight to customers without the high cost of deploying and operating a satellite constellation.Terrestrial TowersHALO™ AircraftLow Earth Orbit (LEO) SatellitesGeostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites
