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A servo system is a closed-loop motion control system usually consisting of a motor (servo motor) usually a synchronous motor combined with an encoder for position/speed feedback, and a drive (servo drive) which is the electronic amplifier. A servo drive usually has some advanced functionality, like PLCopen commands, custom accel/decel ramps, compensation, and provides an interface for synchronization with the control system and other drives. A servo is a VFD, in that it probably uses triacs to control the output waveform that drives the motor; by varying the frequency and magnitude, it can precisely control the motor with closed-loop feedback of position/velocity from the encoder.

A VFD (Variable Frequency Drive, also known as a Variable Frequency Inverter) generally refers to the electronic amplifier of an open-loop system, which can vary the frequency and magnitude to control speed. Without closed-loop control it will not be as precise as a servo system, but is usually good enough for most applications and will probably provide soft-start functionality and other protections to the motor.

See also What_is_the_difference_between_servo_drive_and_variable_frequency_drive

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