Induction
The right hand rule. If you were to place your right hand around the conductor, with the thumb pointing in the direction of current flow, your fingers which are wrapped around the conductor will point in the direction of magnetic flux. Said another way, if you are looking at the end of the conductor and current is flowing towards you, then magnetic flux will be counter-clockwise.
First of all, by definition, 'voltage' is another word for 'potential difference', and a potential differenceexists between two different points. So a single conductor cannot experience a 'voltage' or 'potential difference'. Your question, therefore, should ask why a neutral conductor has no 'potential'. By general agreement, potentials are measured with respect to earth (ground), which is arbitrarily assumed to be at 0 volts.The answer is that a neutral conductor is earthed, or grounded, so theoretically its potential must be the same as earth -i.e. 0 volts. But, in practise, due to the resistance of the conductor that connects the neutral conductor to earth, the neutral conductor can often have a potential of several volts with respect to earth.
"Grounding a connector" means you join a connector in a circuit to another point in the circuit that is definitely at ground potential. This is done mainly when testing a circuit, to be sure that a particular point in that circuit really is at ground potential if you are not certain that it is already. Alternatively, you could be doing a test to temporarily ground a connector that is not normally at ground potential, to see what effect doing the test has on the behavior of the circuit.
flow of electrcity is nothing but the flow of electrons from one point to another point ina conductor
Theoretically, human beings can sit safely on an individual overhead line conductor, providing no part of their body comes into contact with another conductor or the earth. In practise, of course, it's another story as it's highly improbable that anyone could approach a high-voltage line in the first place!
The method of charging an object by means of the electric field of another object is called charging by induction. This involves bringing a charged object close to a neutral object, causing the charges in the neutral object to separate, creating a temporary charge imbalance.
Friction Induction Conduction
Nothing happens. The wire will still conduct electricity. An example of this is the overhead utility wiring. The insulation on a conductor is there strictly to keep the conductor from touching any thing that would ground the conductor. This grounding could be from another adjacent conductor or a grounded medium around the conductor. A grounded conductor will trip the over current protection and trip the circuit off line. Without an insulation on the wire multiple wires in a conduit could not be utilized.
You dont. You have a current carrying conductor (your hot), a grounded conductor (your neutral) and a grounding conductor (your ground). You CAN however be shocked by the hot AND the neutral of a circuit that you turned the breaker off or if the neutral is being shared on another "hot" circuit. This was a very common practice until electrical code outlawed it a few yrs back.
Charging by friction - this is useful for charging insulators. If you rub one material with another (say, a plastic ruler with a piece of paper towel), electrons have a tendency to be transferred from one material to the other. For example, rubbing glass with silk or saran wrap generally leaves the glass with a positive charge; rubbing PVC rod with fur generally gives the rod a negative charge. Charging by conduction - useful for charging metals and other conductors. If a charged object touches a conductor, some charge will be transferred between the object and the conductor, charging the conductor with the same sign as the charge on the object. Charging by induction - also useful for charging metals and other conductors. Again, a charged object is used, but this time it is only brought close to the conductor, and does not touch it. If the conductor is connected to ground (ground is basically anything neutral that can give up electrons to, or take electrons from, an object), electrons will either flow on to it or away from it. When the ground connection is removed , the conductor will have a charge opposite in sign to that of the charged object.
Another term for conductor is Maestro.
From the 2011 NEC, Section 250.130 states, in part, "For replacement of non-grounding-type receptacles with grounding-type receptacles...connections shall be permitted as indicated in 250.130(C)." Section 250.130 (C) states in its entirety, "(C) Nongrounding Receptacle Replacement or Branch Circuit Extensions. The equipment grounding conductor of a grounding-type receptacle or a branch-circuit extension shall be permitted to be connected to any of the following: (1) Any accessible point on the grounding electrode system as described in 250.50 (2) Any accessible point on the grounding electrode conductor (3) The equipment grounding terminal bar within the enclosure where the branch circuit for the receptacle or branch circuit originates (4) For grounded systems, the grounded service conductor within the service equipment enclosure" (5) For ungrounded systems, the grounding terminal bar within the service equipment enclosure" Now for some of my thoughts. It sounds like what you got was adequate. It was correct except for he should have used green or bare conductor, not white, unless he used green tape near the end of the conductor to designate it as green. This tape would be inside the box but I would have marked it outside the box also if it is visible. I would have run this conductor as close as possible and preferably attached to the existing circuit conductors. Looping the conductor as you have stated is not the best installation, in my view, but if you have at least 6 inches from the entry of the conductor to the grounding terminal and another 6 inches before it leaves the box, this is ok. The code does not require this 6 inches if the conductor isn't spliced but in your application it should be since, in my view, it should have been spliced. Solid or stranded is of no significance. While I have quoted the 2011 NEC in my answer, I do not expect this has changed any in recent years. The use of the word "bonding" by your electrician was technically incorrect but "bonding" and "grounding" are sometimes used synonymously. They are different but often look alike to the untrained eye. Even electricians often misuse these terms and fail to understand the difference. It takes someone like myself who is a little anal retentive to use the terms properly. I hope you will acknowledge my answer as I am particularly interested to know if you got it.
no
Leader - guide - director - guard. For the physics definition of conductor, another name would be electric charger.
There are two sets of terminals on a GFCI. They are labeled LINE and LOAD. Each set has a hot and a neutral. To wire a GFCI to an older two wire system without a grounding conductor, you terminate the hot wire coming from the panel to the line terminal(usually the brass colored one) and the neutral wire to the other one(usually the silver colored one). If there is another set, or sets(black and white) in the outlet box, they terminate on the load terminals respectively. Code requires any GFCI that has no grounding conductor(the bare one in modern wiring), to have the sticker which states no grounding conductor. This sticker comes with a new GFCI. The GFCI will still operate when there is a ground present. Basically, a GFCI monitors the current between the hot and neutral, if there is any imbalance, which would happen if some of the current was going through another grounded means, it will trip, thereby protecting you .
a material is neither a good conductor nor a perfect insulator because the number of free electrons determine the conductivity of a material.when we charge the material by electrification the transfer of electrons from one body to another takes place.and the atom is ionized because in each atom electrons are attracted by other material and net charge on the body is positive.but this is not permanent nor temporary.as we know that earth is a charged body and charge on conductor can be discharge by earthing a conductor and it is no more conductor.similarly in insulators the aoms locally polarize by bringing close to any charged body and the charge on insulator is temporary because there is deficiency of electrons.if we continously charged the insulator material finally a stage is reached when it becomes conductor e.g when clouds are attracted they charged the air and air becomes conductor and lightening strikes,we also know that air is insulator but due to excess charging air becomes conductor.
When electrons are transferred by objects touching each other, it is called "contact charging" or "triboelectric charging."