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What are PNP and NPN?
In most discrete bipolar junction transistors the substrate is the collector. In monolithic integrated circuits the bipolar junction transistors are electrically isolated from the substrate, either by reversed biased junctions or insulator (e.g. sapphire). Some older bipolar junction transistor types (usually made with germanium) the substrate is the base. In bipolar point contact transistors the substrate was the base.
What are the different parasitic capacitances of NMOS transistors?
Parasitic capacitances form across every depletion region there's also a capacitance between the conductive leads to the terminals. For simplicity they are usually just lumped to each of the terminals of the transistor. Gate, Drain, Source and Substrate. If substrate is shorted to source creating typical 3 terminal representation then that half of those parasitic capacitances combine and Css (source-substrate) = 0. Cgd Cgs Cds (primarily from drain to substrate, not drain to source)
Why p-substrate is used in monolithic IC not p-substrate?
entire circuit is built into a single piece of semiconductor (chip); physical properties of semiconductor to large degree determine performance of the circuit; the most common integrated circuits such as microprocessors, memories, etc., are all monolithic.
What is the effect on threshold voltage of a mos capacitor on increasing substrate doping concentration?
The threshold voltage will be increased (in case of an N-Mos), because the charge in the depletion region formed under the channel will be more (high density) and hence gate voltage has to overcome this charge for strong inversion. Vt = (work function difference of gate and substrate) + 2*(substrate Fermi voltage) + (Qd/Cox) Where, Qd = charge in Depletion region in Coulomb Cox = Oxide capacitance
Why micro strip line is called open strip line in microwave engineering?
It consists of dielctric substrate with a strip conductor on one side and complete conducting layer on the other. It is basically an open structure and requires high dielectric constant substrate to confine the fields near the strip conductor
What is the substrate for isomerase?
The substrate of dipeptides is a peptide. These peptides are small proteins comprised of short chains of amino acid monomers bonded by other peptides that occur naturally in biological organisms
Where is isomerase found?
Isomerase is consider as a major class of enzymes that catalyze the isomerization process. It can be found in where a bonds are broken and formed.
What enzyme changes glucose to frutose?
The enzyme responsible for converting glucose to fructose is glucose isomerase. It catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose. This enzyme is commonly used in the production of high-fructose corn syrup.
Which reaction we can use isomerase enzyme?
Isomerase enzymes catalyze reactions where structural rearrangement of molecules occurs. Examples include converting glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis by phosphoglucose isomerase, and converting citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle by aconitase.
What does the medical abbreviation PDI mean?
Protein disulfide isomerase
Dihydroxyacetone is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by what category of enzyme?
Isomerase
What does an isomerase enzyme do?
As by the name the reaction they catalyse is to change the chemical compound in its isomeric form or we can use isomerase enzymes in transfer of groups within the molecules to yield isomeric frorms.e.gthe enzyme phosphohexose isomerase catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose6-phosphate, an aldose to fructose 6-phosphate, a ketone
How is glucose converted into froctuse by what enzyme?
Glucose is converted to fructose by the glucose isomerase enzyme
How does 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde get changed into dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
This reaction is catalyzed by Triose phosphate isomerase
The binding together of an enzyme and a substrate forms a what?
enzyme-substrate complex
How is the enzyme glucose isomerase used in the soft -drink industry?
Glucose isomerase is used in the soft-drink industry to convert glucose into fructose, which is sweeter and more soluble. This process, known as isomerization, helps create high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a common sweetener in soft drinks. By using glucose isomerase, manufacturers can optimize sweetness, texture, and flavor in their products.
What to enzymes do in an enzyme-substrate?
in an enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme acts on the substrate .
