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E7018---- I'm adding this to the answer. Never having welded rail I have seen a video of one process. It is called Thermite Welding. A mold or dam is built around the joint where rail ends meet. A mixture of Aluminum Oxide and iron powder is poured into the mold and ignited. The mixture burns at a very high temperature melting the iron powder and the ends of the rails. After cooling the slag is hammered off and the extra weld metal is ground to the shape of the rail. Google Thermite welding. A video is available.

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