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What is structuralism in linguistics. discuss the four major methodological principles put forward by Saussure giving examples where necessary?
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∙ 14y ago
Structuralism in linguistics refers to the thought that language was a system of signs that lay under actually speech.
Saussure believed that language is composed of two parts: langue (the abstract system of language internalized by a given speech community) and parole (the individual acts of speech). Because the parole differed so greatly over regions and people, he focused on langue. There, he found that there existed a linguistic unit, which he called a sign. The four methodologies of Saussure are based off of the sign. It is composed of both a signifier (the sound) and the signified (the concept).
His first methodology is called Arbitrariness: there is no natural reason why any particular sign should be attached to a particular concept. For instance, the French word bœuf means both "ox" and "beef". It is different parts of the world that assign different meanings to different things. Another case of this is found in the Inuits: they have over a dozen words for "snow".
The second methodology is Value: the worth of a sign is determined by all other signs in the langue. All words in the Inuit language referring to snow could be interchangeable, but they have been limited by each others' value: each word refers to a different kind of snow.
The third methodology is Relations: language works through the relations of differences, which place signs in opposition to one another. Words can be formed into groups (such as fight, fighter, fighting) but they have been set apart by the mind. They all relate to one another by similarity, but differ in value.
His fourth methodology is Synchronics: the thought that a language can be studied as a complete system at a given point in time. Saussure said that language is "a system of pure values which are determined by nothing except the momentary arrangements of its terms." So, the noun tramp was originally used to refer to a wanderer. Nowadays it means a promiscuous woman. We do not need to know how it came to be this way, but we need know only that it is what is meant now.
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∙ 14y ago
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