Without getting too technical, it has to do with the molecular structure of protein molecules within the egg whites changing. Once the protein molecules heat up, they form tight bonds with each other, not allowing any light to pass through. That's why they go from translucent --> opaque.
When an egg is cooked, the proteins in the egg white and yolk denature and coagulate, resulting in a solid structure. The texture changes from raw and slippery to firm and cooked, with the egg white becoming opaque and the yolk changing from runny to solid, depending on the cooking time.
Cooked egg white is quite digestible.
The clearly sticky liquid inside an egg is called albumen or egg white. It is clear and viscous when raw, but becomes white and opaque when cooked.
it turns the protein into carbohydrates
YES it does in a way. Actually it becomes more "bioavailable." That is, cooked meat provides more protein that your body can absorb than uncooked meat.
The difference between a cooked egg and a raw egg is that when a egg is cooked the clear/yellow gooey stuff turns white and turns into a solid. A raw egg doesn't have the white stuff because it has not been added to heat. This is an example of a chemical change.
When an egg is cooked, heat causes the proteins in the egg—mainly ovalbumin and ovotransferrin—to unfold and recombine with each other. This process, known as denaturation and coagulation, leads to the solidification of the egg white and yolk. The proteins form a network that traps water molecules, resulting in the change in texture and appearance of the egg when cooked.
Frying an egg is a chemical change in which the protein in the egg white becomes denatured, which causes it to become white and solid. This condition is not reversible by physical means.
eggs that are cooked different from other ones - Perhaps you mean "poached eggs," which are cooked in boiling water without the shell. The idea is that the egg-white becomes a pocket for the yolk.
the albumen or the white of an egg when cooked
Cooking an egg is a chemical change because it cannot be reversed.
Egg whites are colourless and transparent until they are cooked when they become white and opaque. Sodium hydroxide is white.