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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is one of the two types of genetic material that exists in every organism (including single-celled organisms, viruses, and bacteria), the other being RNA. One difference between the two is basically that the sugars that make them up will have a presence or an absence of oxygen (DNA lacks oxygen in its sugars - deoxyribonucleic acid), while another is that they share the same bases, except for one, which will be mentioned below.

The bases you will typically see in DNA are:

  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Adenine (A)
  • Cytosine (C)

In RNA, with the exception of uracil (which replaces thymine), all the other nitrogen bases are identical.

As a general rule - the rungs in a DNA sequence will its matched base pairs. The pairings are as follows:

  • Thymine will always pair with adenine, and vice versa
  • Guanine will always pair with cytosine, and vice versa.

If you break up the two rungs in a strand of DNA, each set of three or so (don't quote me on this) will form a instruction that will build a amino acid (which we know in class is the building blocks of proteins).

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