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The nearer stars are measured by triangulation using the radius of the Earth's orbit as the basic yardstick.

Friedrich Bessel discovered parallax in 1838, the slight movement of a star against the background of more distant stars caused when the Earth orbits around the Sun. He picked out a star that he suspected was close, called 61 Cygni, and found that it was at a distance of ten light-years.

This method is used for stars out to about 200-300 light years.

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