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The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but only changed in form.

For example when water turns a turbine in a hydroelectric power station. the loss in kinetic energy of the water is equivalent to the electric energy produced plus the waste heat, sound etc.

Let a system absorbs Q amount of heat energy from the external source. As a result of this, let W be the work done by the system on its surrounding and ΔU be the change in the internal energy of the system. According to the law of conservation of energy,

Q = ΔU + W

which is the mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics.

Thus, the first law of thermodynamics may be stated as:

The energy entering the system in the form of heat is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the energy leaving the system in the form of work done by the system on its surroundings.

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