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Charles Katz was convicted in California of illegal gambling. He had used a public pay phone booth in Los Angeles to place bets in Miami and Boston. Unbeknownst to Katz, the FBI had recorded his conversation via an electronic eavesdropping device attached to the exterior of the phone booth. Katz was convicted based on recordings of his end of the conversations. He challenged his conviction, arguing that the recordings could not be used as evidence against him. The Court of Appeals sided with the FBI because there was not a physical intrusion into the phone booth itself. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.
The majority in Katz changed how the Fourth Amendment was interpreted. Prior to Katz a physical intrusion into some protected space was required before the Fourth Amendment was violated. In Katz, the police had bugged an enclosed phone booth in such a way that there was no physical intrusion, but they could overhear what Mr. Katz was saying inside the booth. The majority ruled that the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. They ruled that Mr. Katz had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" inside the enclosed phone booth; and that the Fourth Amendment had been violated since the police did not have a search warrant.
The citation is Katz v. United States, 389 US 347 (1967).
The Supreme Court prohibited racial gerrymandering in 1993, holding that the practice violated the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)
Yes. The Supreme Court decision was based on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court indicated that the decision could also be supported by the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause, but declined to elaborate because the Equal Protection Clause was sufficient to render segregation in the public schools unconstitutional.
intermediate scrutiny
There is a cause, which in turn, results with an effect.
Om March 1,1968, about 300 students a Wilson High School walked out of their classes to protest the cancelation of a,school play. The walkout, called a blowout by students, quickly spread. Within a week some 15,000 students had joined the protest. Police responded by arresting students, and in some cases, beating them.
Standards and tests for APEX
a demonstrator chanting anticorporate slogans outside a company's headquarters
separate treatment based on race is inherently unequal
the equal protection clause
This is from the Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson.
the movement's goal of political equality has not been fully achieved
the movement pursued social, legal, and political equality.
legislation that addressed the goals of the movement did not always result in real equality
- the mattachine society forms to promote awareness of issue affecting gay people
- hollywood actors gather to support marriage equality by staging the play 8
- in obergefell v. hodges , the supreme court rules the same-sex marriage is a fundamental right
- the daughters of bilitis forms to promote awareness of issue affecting gay people
- cali passes proposition 8, which makes same-sex marriage illegal in the state
- the equal opportunity employment commission rules that transgender people are a protected class
court clerks refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples
raising money by staging a reading of the play 8, which supports same-sex marriage.
working together prevented farmers from using the two groups of workers against each other
school segregation
the employer may have to pay fines or change its practices
We can't give you a answer because we don't know the options nor the diagram.
Tests can be replaced as the court redefines limits on civil liberties
They show that the court has enforced equal rights for a variety of groups that have been discriminated agains.
power should be spilt
police must inform suspects that may remain silent and have a lawyer present during questioning
