Chemistry

For example, when heat energy (thermal energy) is added to a substance, either its temperature will increase, or it will change its state (as when ice is melted).

No, covalency does not have its own intermolecular force

conservation of energy

Gluons bind together the quarks that make up protons and neutrons.

It is often called a formula.

Entropy increases.

Reactions involving gases can negate the entropy of a system. However, certain gases can increase the rate of entropy. Thus, some gases are considered beneficial and others negative.

Helium has the highest first ionization energy and francium has the lowest first ionization energy.

The difference between the enthalpy of formation of the products minus the enthalpy of formation of the reactants is the enthalpy of the reaction

Entropy tends to increase in a system.

amount of heat energy

This is called molality.

solid-apex

An endothermic reaction occur with heat absorption.

A particle that binds quarks to one another. (Apex)