Composers

The 'libretto' is the words or story of the opera.

The basso continuo was important to the Baroque era because it accompanied the melody line while filling in the harmony.

Beethoven considered himself outside the bounds of the patronage system.

Mussorgsky

• Recitative

Beethoven is considered a composer of the "Romantic" era.

Correctly speaking, Beethoven provided the transition from Classical to Romantic. His earlier music was less complex, and melodic in the traditional Classical style, whilst later compositions were more emotional and intense.

He might also be considered a "bridge" composer to the Romantic era.

false

The Surprise Symphony

concerts were unusually long by today's standards (apex)
Concerts were unusually long by today's standards.

Secular music

Claude Debussy was born in Paris, France.

polytonality

despair

the surprise symphony (apex)