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☆☆☆☆☆Any type of bonding can result in crystalline lattices. A crystal is a highly ordered arrangement of particles. The forces holding the particles together can differ, but as long as the solid forms slowly enough, the particles can line themselves up into a lattice.
Ionic bonding can produce crystals such as copper sulfate.
Covalent bonding can produce molecular crystals such as iodine or giant covalent lattices such as diamond.
Metallic bonding can produce crystals of metals, though for practical reasons mostly we make sure the metals we use every day contain only very tiny ones.
Ionic bond is the chemical bond that makes crystalline lattices. This is taught during science.
The ozone layer
The Earth's mantle comprises the bulk of the Earth.
Sedimentary
energy
All carbon based fuels produce carbon dioxide when burned. These include:
- fossil fuels (coal. oil, natural gas)
- alcohols
- bio-fuels (wood, charcoal, waste burning including cremation)
- specialty industrial fuels (acetylene etc.)
- carbon monoxide
Coal and petroleum are the two primary fossil fuels. Oxidizing methane also releases CO2, but that is 25 times better than releasing methane, itself an even more potent greenhouse gas.
That happens twice a year, at the time of the 'equinoxes'. It's one moment on or about
March 21, and another one on or about September 21.
No definite date can be given, because the calendar is not exactly synchronized to the sun
so the date 'wanders' slightly, and also because at the moment when it happens, it's not
even the same date everywhere in the world.
23.44°
summer solstice
