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☆☆☆☆☆The first parties were the Democratic-Republican party and the Federalist party.
It means that the government must follow the same fair rules in all cases brought to trial.
Charles Katz was convicted in California of illegal gambling. He had used a public pay phone booth in Los Angeles to place bets in Miami and Boston. Unbeknownst to Katz, the FBI had recorded his conversation via an electronic eavesdropping device attached to the exterior of the phone booth. Katz was convicted based on recordings of his end of the conversations. He challenged his conviction, arguing that the recordings could not be used as evidence against him. The Court of Appeals sided with the FBI because there was not a physical intrusion into the phone booth itself. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.
The majority in Katz changed how the Fourth Amendment was interpreted. Prior to Katz a physical intrusion into some protected space was required before the Fourth Amendment was violated. In Katz, the police had bugged an enclosed phone booth in such a way that there was no physical intrusion, but they could overhear what Mr. Katz was saying inside the booth. The majority ruled that the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. They ruled that Mr. Katz had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" inside the enclosed phone booth; and that the Fourth Amendment had been violated since the police did not have a search warrant.
The citation is Katz v. United States, 389 US 347 (1967).
New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985) was a case appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1984, involving the search of a high school student for contraband after she was caught smoking.
VERY briefly: Girl caught smoking at school - vice-principal searches purse to take possession of the cigarette pack - finds drug paraphernalia in plain view in the purse - leading to the reasonable belief that her locker might contain drugs - school administrators search her locker and find drugs - school administrators call police who arrest her.
Supreme Court upheld the arrest and subsequent conviction. The laws of search and seizure do not apply to civilians, and law enforcement did not enter the picture until AFTER the school personnel, acting in good faith, had already found the contraband leading to her arrest and conviction.
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Teaching religion in public schools was forbidden.
Would the supreme court have jurisdiction if Johnson burned a texas flag in the case of Texas vs. Johnson?
The Bill of Rights is the 10 amendments to the constitution. It is the only Bill of Rights.
Unconstitutional, as its purpose is spiritual rather than secular
