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What are the differences between the SV40 promoter and the CMV promoter in terms of their functionality and efficiency in driving gene expression?
The SV40 promoter and the CMV promoter are both DNA sequences that control the expression of genes. The SV40 promoter is smaller and less efficient than the CMV promoter in driving gene expression. The CMV promoter is commonly used in research and biotechnology due to its high efficiency in promoting gene expression.
What are the causes for Mesothelimoa?
Up to 10% of cancer cases are hereditary. Smoking has been linked to lung cancer, and excessive sun exposure to skin cancers. Other than that we're still pretty much in the dark about what causes cancer.
What is P53 and what does it have to do with cancer?
The human gene known as p53 is a tumor suppressor gene and malfunctions of it have been implicated in many cancer types. Research is using it to study the biology of cancer, as well as to develop new drug targets to cure certain cancers.In 1993, p53 protein was named Molecule of the Year by Science magazine. It is a protein that is very important for the regulation of cell cycles in humans and other multi-cellular organisms. p53 is also known as TP53 and several other names including tumor protein (EC :2.7.1.37), the "guardian of the genome", and the "Guardian Angel Gene" (because it works to prevent mutation or damage to the genome).Most recent genetic research is also promising in the search for cancer causes and treatments. The research indicates there is a relationship between development of cancer and insufficiency of the p53 gene.More than 50% of the tumors in humans show a mutation of or deletion of this gene. It is believed that various things can cause the mutations or damage/deletion of p53, such as DNA damage from chemicals, UV ray damage, and there are some known viruses that can inhibit the function of p53, such as Simian Virus 40 (SV40) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV), an STD.These viruses and DNA damage can inactivate p53, rendering it ineffective for tumor suppression.See more in related questions and links.
In the 1900s what kind of animals did scientists test?
In the 20th century, humans performed experiments on rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, armadillos, primates, and other animals. Some notable experiments included the following:Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922.On November 3, 1957, a Russian dog, Laika, became the first of many animals to orbit the earth.In the 1970s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos, then given to humans.In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice.In 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, becoming the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.
Can aids get cured?
AnswerNo. Not yet. But there are many ways to prevent it:Search>HIV AIDS prevention overview facts messages "Ways to Prevent AIDS" report TorontoNick Nolte Ozone Magic Johnsonextracorporeal ultraviolet irradiation bloodThe Beck ProtocolSuppressed medical discovery AIDS cancercuring hiv cancer "Ventura College" lectureMMS Chlorine-dioxide"PMID: 15858720" "Lyman WD" "Kaali SG" "Albert Einstein College"1953 "Fitzgerald Report" AMA FDA quackery record"Eustace Mullins" "Murder by injection"Fishbein AMA "Patricia Ward" congress discoursetetrahedron Horowitz Origin of AIDSAMA FDA AZT 1964 Burroughs Wellcome RockefellerDr. Robert Strecker AIDS"Robert Gallo" "Litton Bionetics" visna leukemia SV40AZT 3-year study
How was animal testing used in the past?
The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE. Aristotle (Αριστοτέλης) (384-322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304-258 BCE) were among the first to perform experiments on living animals.[14] Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "father of vivisection."[15] Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.[16][17] Animals have been used repeatedly through the history of biomedical research. The founders, in 1831, of the Dublin Zoo-the fourth oldest zoo in Europe, after Vienna, Paris, and London-were members of the medical profession, interested in studying the animals both while they were alive and when they were dead.[18] In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by inducing anthrax in sheep.[19] In the 1890s, Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to describe classical conditioning.[20] Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922, and revolutionized the treatment of diabetes.[21] On November 3, 1957, a Russian dog, Laika, became the first of many animals to orbit the earth. In the 1970s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos,[22] then given to humans.[23] The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals took a large step forwards in 1974 when Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice.[24] This genetic research progressed rapidly and, in 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.[25] Toxicology testing became important in the 20th century. In the 19th century, laws regulating drugs were more relaxed. For example, in the U.S., the government could only ban a drug after a company had been prosecuted for selling products that harmed customers. However, in response to the Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of 1937 in which the eponymous drug killed more than 100 users, the U.S. congress passed laws that required safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed. Other countries enacted similar legislation.[26] In the 1960s, in reaction to the Thalidomide tragedy, further laws were passed requiring safety testing on pregnant animals before a drug can be sold.[27]
What are immortalized cell lines?
A biologically immortal cell (or, more likely, cell lineage) can continue to divide indefinitely, and will not fail due to DNA failures. Each time DNA divides, some of the ends are cut off, and after some time, something will be cut off at one end that is very important, and the cell may stop working correctly or even die. An immortal cell would have to pad the ends of its DNA to avoid this kind of damage. Cancer cells already do this, as well as stem cells and many others. It is important to note that while the cell lineage could continue forever, disease or damage could still kill the organism.
What regulates what goes in and out of the nucleus of the cell?
Embedded into the nuclear envelope are nuclear pore complexes (NPC) that transport materials in and out of the nucleus both ways. The material must has a signal to be either transported in and or out of the nucleus. NLS - to transport in NES - To transport out NRS- to retain inside the nucleus CRS- To stay inside in cytoplasm.First anything under about 40kD can move inside the nucleus and out with ease as they just diffuse down there concentration gradient. Larger molecules must have a signal meaning about 40kD. They either have 1 listed above or both NLS and NES, which means they are a shuttle protein which i will talk about later when I go into RAN.NLS - Nuclear localization signal for import into the nucleus. Its a permanent signal, and not cleaved bedore or after the translocation to the nucleus. Positive charges also play an important role in importing the SV40 gene (first to be experimentally tested) has a stretch of positive amino acid sequences which work as NLS. But if you change the sequence of this amino acid stretch you will weaken or block the function all together of the NLS. There can be monopartite signals like NLS (one stretch) or 2 which is called a Bipartite cluster (which needs a spacer between the 2 signals)So lets start.The NLS receptor and the NLS-containing cargo bind with importin A and inportin B. No energy requiredThey dock (this can be performed at low temp 4* and doesnt require energy)NLS receptor and complex translocate across the NPCThen GTP-Ran binds the B-subunit and it falls off. What is left is the a-subunit and the protein and the NLSThe receptor a and the protein complex break apart and the a-subunit with binds to RAN-GTP and is carried back to the cytoplasmic side.This is how we get directionality with RAN. GDP cytoplasm GTP in the nuclease because its a GTPase.There are several accessory proteins working as well. RCC1 which is a GEF - nucleotide exchange factor. It transfers GDP to GTP. It is located in the nucleus- think about this it makes sense - GTP in the nucleus is what the cell needs.The GTP to GDP are called RanGAP and RanBP1/2The nuclear export have hydrophobic amino acids like the (HIV rev protein) and this acts to export but RAN is still required.Once they transporter is back into the cytoplasm it gets ran GTP to ran GDP by RanGAP or RanBP1/2How is this whole mechanism regulated?Well chaperones work to mask the NLS. So regulation can be controlled that way.Nuclear transportDLW Bachelor of Science,Anatomy and Cell Biology 2012 McGill University
Who is the father of tissue culture?
Gottlieb Haberlandt is credited as the "father of tissue culture" for his pioneering work in 1902 on the concept of plant cell culture and regeneration. His research laid the foundation for the development of modern techniques in tissue culture.
