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How do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve impulses affect the alimentary canal?
Sympathetic nerve impulses generally inhibit digestive functions by reducing peristalsis and secretions in the alimentary canal, promoting processes like the "fight or flight" response. In contrast, parasympathetic nerve impulses stimulate digestion by enhancing peristalsis and increasing the secretion of digestive enzymes and fluids, leading to a more active digestive process. Together, these two systems help regulate the balance between digestion and the body's other physiological needs.
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Does morphine affect the parasympathetic or the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves affect a pacemaker?
Sympathetic nerves increase the heart rate by releasing norepinephrine, while parasympathetic nerves decrease the heart rate by releasing acetylcholine. This affects the pacemaker by altering its firing rate and influencing overall heart rhythm.
How does the synaptic nervous system affect the iris?
The iris is not innervated directly, however the iris sphincter muscle is affected by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic stimulation causes pupil dilation while parasympathetic nervous system causes pupil constriction. The parasympathetic response is quicker because of the proximity of a parasympathetic ganglion (ciliary ganglion) to the eye. The sympathetic response is slower because all sympathetic ganglia are confined to the spinal cord. This is the reason why people adjust faster to a bright shining light than darkness.
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect constipation?
The parasympathetic nervous system allows for the relaxation of the GI muscles, which allows excretion. So in other words, constipation is more a product of the sympathetic nervous system, which if stimulated, will divert blood flow from the gut and delay defecation, causing constipation. If the parasympathetic nervous system is blocked or the sympathetic system stimulated, constipation can result.
How would a drug that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system affect a persons pulse?
It would increase the pulse, providing it acted upon the cardiac conduction system. There are parasympathetic antagonists which act on other parts of the body, such as the bladder; such drugs would not affect the pulse (theoretically).
How do the autonomic nevous system affect the vagus nerve?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary bodily functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The vagus nerve is a key component of the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes relaxation and restorative processes. When activated, the vagus nerve slows the heart rate, enhances digestion, and promotes a state of calm, countering the effects of the sympathetic nervous system that prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. Thus, the ANS, through its parasympathetic branch, plays a crucial role in modulating the functions of the vagus nerve.
How do sympathetic and parasymphatetic activity affect gastric secretion?
Sympathetic activity inhibits gastric secretion by causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the stomach lining. Parasympathetic activity stimulates gastric secretion by increasing blood flow and activating gastric glands, leading to increased production of stomach acid and digestive enzymes.
In what way do the parasympathetic and the sympatheticnervous systems work together?
Yes. The vagus nerve is a parasympathetic nerve that is almost always stimulating the healthy heart to have a heart rate less than the inherent rate of the SA node. The sympathetic innervation on the heart is minimal and only important during exercise.
Why is parasympathetic nervous system affected from anesthesia?
Anesthesia can affect the parasympathetic nervous system by altering neurotransmitter levels and inhibiting the normal autonomic responses. Certain anesthetic agents can suppress vagal tone, which is responsible for regulating functions such as heart rate and digestion. This disruption can lead to side effects like reduced heart rate and gastrointestinal motility during and after surgery. Additionally, the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity may be altered, impacting overall autonomic function.
What is the heart's pacemaker and what can causes it to change the rate?
The heart's pacemaker is the sinoatrial (SA) node, a group of cells located in the right atrium that generates electrical impulses to regulate heartbeats. Factors that can cause the SA node to change its rate include physical activity, stress, hormonal changes (such as adrenaline release), and autonomic nervous system influences (sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation). Additionally, conditions like fever, electrolyte imbalances, and certain medications can also affect the pacemaker's activity.
What does the parasympathetic nervous system release to affect heart rate?
epinephrine
What parts of the body does reflex sympathetic dystrophy affect?
"Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy usually affects the skin and blood vessles. However, it can easily affect any part of the body."
