Blood transfusions can cause different reactions that could cause a problem. The first is an immune reaction, which is an allergic reaction to a component of the blood given. The next reaction could be a non immune reaction where the body is overloaded with fluid. The last problem that could be caused is an infection such as HIV, Hepatitis B or C. Infection is very rare now that the FDA requires blood to be tested before given to the recipient.
Sometimes problems occur with a blood transfusion, but that is supposed to be rare. Some people can have an allergic reaction to the transfusion.
The blood given by transfusion must be matched with the recipient's blood type. Incompatible blood types can cause a serious adverse reaction (transfusion reaction). Blood is introduced slowly by gravity flow directly into the veins
Transfusion reaction may also cause a hypersensitivity of the immune system that, in turn, may cause tissue damage within the patient's body.
Risks associated with autologous blood transfusion include transfusion reaction if an allogeneic blood transfusion was inadvertently given and transmission of infectious agents if the blood became contaminated.
can a blood transfusion cause anaphylactic shock
These complications may include an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR), which is most commonly caused by ABO incompatibility. The patient may complain of pain, difficult breathing, fever and chills, facial flushing, and nausea.
Acute immune hemolytic reaction
A transfusion reaction is typically an acute hypersensitivity reaction to foreign red blood cells, which can occur immediately or within a few hours of the transfusion. Subacute hypersensitivity reactions usually take days to develop after exposure to the antigen, unlike the immediate onset of symptoms seen in transfusion reactions.
If a transfusion is given to a patient from a person with a different blood type, the immune system will attack those blood cells. This can cause a severe reaction in the patient, including shock to the immune system or death.
When a patient undergoing a blood transfusion complains of flank pain and hematuria, the nurse should suspect a hemolytic transfusion reaction, particularly an acute hemolytic reaction due to ABO incompatibility. This reaction can cause the destruction of red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as flank pain and blood in the urine. Immediate assessment and intervention are crucial, including stopping the transfusion and notifying the healthcare provider. Additional investigations and supportive care may be necessary to manage the patient's condition.
Every blood transfusion carries the risk of allergic reaction, to anaphylactic shock, even if blood type is perfectly matched. If medication was also infused along with the blood, and the patient had an allergic reaction, it would be impossible to tell which sustance was causing the reaction: the blood? or the medication? Remember that every transfusion reaction can be deadly. As well, some meds may break down blood components. Therefore, never inject IV meds into a transfusion tubing or combine medications into a blood transfusion set.
monitor the treatment