Smooth sustained contraction due to rapid stimuli refers to a sustained muscle contraction that occurs in response to a series of quick, successive stimuli without a complete relaxation phase between them. This phenomenon, often seen in smooth muscle tissue, results in a prolonged state of contraction, allowing for functions such as vasoconstriction or peristalsis in the digestive tract. The rapid stimuli lead to an accumulation of calcium ions within the muscle cells, enhancing the contractile response. This type of contraction is essential for maintaining continuous muscle tone and function in various physiological processes.
Sumation of contraction
a. summation of stimuli
When a muscle is stimulated before it has fully relaxed from a previous contraction, and the second stimulus adds to the force of the first contraction, this phenomenon is referred to as "twitch summation." This results in a stronger overall contraction due to the increased calcium ion availability and the cumulative effect of the stimuli on the muscle fibers. If the stimuli continue to occur in rapid succession, it can lead to a sustained contraction known as "tetanus."
Tetanus can occur in skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements in the body. When a muscle receives a rapid series of stimuli without sufficient time to relax, it can enter a state of sustained contraction known as tetanus. This is particularly observable in muscles such as the biceps and quadriceps during intense physical activity. Smooth and cardiac muscles can also exhibit sustained contractions, but the term "tetanus" is most commonly associated with skeletal muscles.
rapid rate
few motor units :)
Skeletal muscle twitch is a single, brief contraction and relaxation cycle, whereas a tetanic contraction involves sustained, rapid repeated contractions without relaxation in between. Tetanic contractions occur when the muscle is stimulated at a high frequency, leading to a fused contraction.
Skeletal or voluntary muscle is capable of rapid contraction and is responsible for skeletal movement.
Substance P is a 11 amino-acids peptide which belongs to the tachykinins, a family of peptide which induces a rapid contraction of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract
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To accomplish a strong contraction that is stimulated at a rapid rate, the muscle fibers need sufficient ATP for energy production, calcium ions for muscle contraction, and acetylcholine for nerve stimulation. Additionally, a well-coordinated activation of motor units is necessary to achieve a strong and rapid contraction.
Hyperreflexia (severe rapid tonic contraction of body).