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Nobody had a monopoly on learning during either the Middle Ages or the Renaissance. There is an idea that the Church held such a monopoly, but it is not really true.

Most, but not all, of the schools in Western Europe of the Early Middle Ages were run by monasteries and cathedrals. There were also state run schools. Beverley Grammar School, in Yorkshire, which is still operating to this day, was opened as a state run school in the year 700.

Western universities were opened starting in the 11th century with the University of Bologna. These schools were of three types, some run by the church, some by the state, and some by the students and teachers. Oxford and Cambridge were both opened as state run universities.

Beginning in the 13th century, there were commercial schools that taught skills needed for business to children of merchants. These were called Abacus schools, and they taught reading and writing in the vernacular language along with mathematics using Arabic numerals. They were very common in Italy, but existed elsewhere.

In the Byzantine Empire, there was a system of primary education that was state run at the village level. This system was opened in the year 425, before the Middle Ages began, and continued to operate until the Byzantine Empire fell, in 1453. The Byzantine Empire's school system went all the way to the university level, and the University of Constantinople survived the entire time.

Schools of the Renaissance continued the traditions of the Middle Ages.

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