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For a short answer: See the Battle of Coral Sea.

The US and Australia were close allies in the war after Singapore fell to the Japanese. After the fall of Singapore, Britain was pretty much out of the picture in the Pacific Theatre and thus unable to help Australia defend itself against the Japanese advance. Meanwhile, the Americas were pushed out of the Philippines and forced to retreat to Australia. It is here they set up base and re-grouped until re-inforcements from the States could arrive. During their stay, the Americans were given supreme command over all of Australia's military still in the Pacific under the Allied South West Pacific Area command (SWPA).

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