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The emperor Augustus annexed Judea to the Roman Empire because the people of Judea asked him to depose king Herod Archelaus, after two years of his rule, because he had suppressed a rebellion violently. killing 3,000 people. There were Jews who were favourable to a Roman takeover because they were fed up with the tyrannical ruler of the Herodian dynasty.

Prior to Augustus' annexation, Herod the Great's Kingdom of Judea, following his will, was partitioned among his three sons. Herod Archelaus was given of Judea, Idumea and Samaria Antipas was given Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch (ruler of a quarter). Their half-brother Herod Philip II was given the Golan Heights and areas to the east of the River Jordan, Augustus annexed only the territories of Herod Archelaus.

Two anti-Roman movements developed: the Zealots and the Sicarii.

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