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Apart from the Persian Empire the neighbours of the Roman Empire were independent ethnic groups, rather than countries. Countries in the modern sense of the word did not exist back then.

The Romans and the Persians were repeatedly at war with each other for about two centuries. This stopped when both parties recognised that neither of them could gain the upper hand and reached a settlement.

Many of the Germanic peoples who lived to the north of the frontiers of the empire and some Iranian-speaking people to its east tried to invade the empire or carry out raids. This was particularly bad during the Crisis of the Third Century where there were so many attacks that the Roman army became overstretched and the strain this caused led to e period of military anarchy in the empire.

Some neighbours were allies of the Romans. The oldest allies where the Franks who lived in Holland by the mouth of the river Rhine. Their army fought for the Romans or alongside the Roman army and there were Franks who joined the Roman army. However, there were also times when they rebelled against the Romans and there was a period in which the Franks and the nearby Alemanni destroyed the economy of northern Gaul because these two peoples repeatedly raided its countryside.

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