How were the boundaries of France different in 1453 than in 1337?

Answer 1

In 1337, the boundaries of France were significantly larger, including territories such as parts of modern-day Belgium and northern Italy, but it was also a time when the Hundred Years' War began, leading to conflicts with England over claims to the French throne. By 1453, following the conclusion of the war, France had regained much of its territory, yet it had lost significant regions, such as Aquitaine, to the English. The war solidified the central authority of the French crown and defined more recognizable borders, particularly as France expanded its control over territories that had been contested during the conflict. Overall, the territorial integrity of France was more consolidated by 1453, albeit still marked by losses.