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Gorbachev's reforms, particularly glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed to modernize the Soviet economy and promote political transparency. However, these changes inadvertently exposed systemic weaknesses and encouraged public dissent, leading to increased demands for independence among various Soviet republics. The weakening of centralized control and the rise of nationalist movements ultimately destabilized the Soviet Union, culminating in its dissolution in 1991.

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