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Lithuania was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (one of the largest states in Europe) and formed an alliance, and personal union with Poland in 1385 (The Grand Duke of Lithuania and the young Queen of Poland effectively marrying the two nations together). Together they conquered the Teutonic Order in 1410. This treaty signified the beginning of a long, extremely close relationship between the two.

In 1569, they signed another treaty that bound them even closer together- as a commonwealth. It was a new and revolutionary form of government. Together they became the primary rye producers (also known as 'the breadbasket') of Europe. Their relationship continued until Prussia, Austria and Russia began the partitions of their land between 1772-1795. After the final partition, Lithuania (and Poland) was wiped off the map until it regained independence 1918. So no, Lithuania was not part of Poland, but a great commonwealth based on a close relationship between the two nations. The Jogaillan dynasty was also Lithuanian (The Polish Royal Line).

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