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The early Roman Republic was marred by the Conflict of the Orders between patricians (the aristocrats) and plebeians (the commoners). The grievances of the poor plebeians were economic (indebtedness, credit interest rates, food shortages and shortages of land for peasants to farm). The ambition of the rich plebeians was power-sharing with the patricians, who monopolised political power. The senators and the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) were patricians.

This period saw an increase in the types of elected executive officers of state. The praetors, censors, aediles and quaestors were created. Over time, the rich plebeians obtained access to these offices. Former officers of state became automatically senators for life. Therefore, these rich plebeians also gained access to the senate. They also gained access to some priesthoods. These rich plebeians were given equite (equestrian, cavalryman) status. This was a lower tier of the aristocracy. A patrician-plebeian oligarchy was created and the rich plebeians turned their back to the poor ones.

This period also saw a change form Rome being attacked by her neighbours (the Sabine, Aeui, Volsci and some Etruscan cities) to being the strongest power in Italy. As a result of winning the three Samnite Wars (against the Sammnites) and the Pyrrhic War (against Pyrrhus, a Greek king who tired to invade southern Italy) Rome gained control of central and southern Italy. Several of these people became Roman allies or were forced to become allies. They had to supply soldiers who fought alongside the Roman legions (the auxiliaries) at their own expense. The system worked because Rome supported the ruling elites of these peoples and she shared the spoils of war, which could be considerable). They provided some 60% of the pool of military manpower available to Rome, which was the largest one in the Mediterranean.

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