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Supper (cena) was the main meal in ancient Rome. For the poor it consisted of a kind of porridge, the puls. The simplest kind would be made from emmer, water, salt and fat. The more sophisticated kind was made with olive oil, with an accompaniment of assorted vegetables when available. The richer classes ate their puls with eggs, cheese, vegetables and honey and it was also occasionally served with meat or fish.

Grains were some types of wheat (emmer, rivet wheat, einkorn, spelt, and common wheat) as and the less desirable barley, millet, and oats. Rice was imported from India and used as a medicine.

Romans grew cabbage, leeks, chickpeas, lentils, beans, carrots, turnips, pumpkins, asparagus radishes, celery, bitter vetch, broad beans, garden peas, grass pea, lettuce, chicory, onions, garlic, grapes, olives, figs, pomegranates (they were introduced from Africa), pears, apples, peaches, damson plums (they were introduced from Syria), cherries (they were introduced form Turkey) apricots (they were introduced form Armenia) melons (they were introduced form Africa) almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, pine nuts, and chestnuts and almonds. Lemons were introduced in the 1st century AD. Truffles and wild mushrooms were eaten occasionally.

The most common meats were pork, and mutton or lamb and chicken. Beef was not eaten often as it was difficult to preserve and because cows were used for milk and dairy products. The very rich ate wild boar, venison, hare, guinea fowl, pheasant, geese, wood pigeons, duck and door mice peacock was a very expensive delicacy. Rural people cured ham and bacon. No part of the animal was wasted and was used for blood puddings, meatballs (isicia), sausages, and stews. In Lucania (in southern Italy) sausages were made from a mixture of ground meats, herbs, and nuts, with eggs as a binding ingredient, and then aged in a smoker. Fish was very expensive and rich Romans kept fish ponds in their gardens.

Goat and sheep milk were considered superior to that of cows, Fresh milk was used to make cheese, for cooking, and in medicinal and cosmetic preparations. Butter was disdained. Lard was used for baking pastries and seasoning some dishes.

There were no tomatoes, potatoes, or corn, which come to Europe after the discovery of America. Oranges were introduced in the Mediterranean area by Italian and Portuguese merchants between the late 15th century and the beginnings of the 16th century There was also no risotto and pasta.

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12y ago

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