Early societies in Mesoamerica included the Olmec, known for their colossal stone heads, and the Maya, recognized for their advanced writing, mathematics, and astronomy. In North America, the Adena and Hopewell cultures emerged in the Ohio River Valley, notable for their earthen mounds and trade networks. The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the Anasazi, thrived in the Southwestern United States, creating cliff dwellings and complex irrigation systems. These societies laid the foundational cultural and technological developments that influenced later civilizations.
The Incas arrived in Mesoamerica around the early 13th century. The empire lasted from 1438 until they were conquered by the Spanish in 1533.
The oldest known civilization in Mesoamerica is the Olmec, which thrived around 1400 to 400 BCE. They are often considered the "mother culture" of later Mesoamerican societies, such as the Maya and Aztecs, due to their influential art, religious practices, and the development of early writing and calendar systems. The Olmec are particularly renowned for their colossal stone heads and intricate jade carvings.
Colonial cities arose in societies that fell under the domination of Europe and North America in the early expansion of the capitalist world system.
The area that is not considered one of the cradles of early civilization is often identified as the Arctic region. Unlike the fertile lands of Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, the Indus Valley, and Mesoamerica, the Arctic lacked the necessary agricultural conditions and resources to support early complex societies. Instead, it was primarily inhabited by nomadic groups relying on hunting and gathering.
The early Americas are generally divided into four geographical areas: Mesoamerica, which includes regions like modern-day Mexico and Central America; the Andean region, home to civilizations such as the Incas in present-day Peru; the North American woodlands, encompassing diverse indigenous cultures across the United States and Canada; and the Great Plains, characterized by vast grasslands and nomadic tribes. Each area had distinct societies, economies, and cultural practices that contributed to the rich tapestry of early American civilizations.
Religion was deeply connected with civilizations’ governments in both regions.
Religion was deeply connected with civilizations’ governments in both regions.
While there are no exact records, Mesoamerica began about 7000 BC in the region we now call Central America. The cultures that lived there flourished as a whole until the Spanish arrived in the early 15th century.
well many things....it would take to long to list sorry
Assuming "early humans" refers to those who existed in "prehistory" or before written history, they did not require government. Instead, societies existed in tribes or bands, following the directives of the eldest members. Eventually, societies became too big for this to work and government took the form of kingship. Democratic governments, have only existed as we know them for about 220 years, though the idea for it is older.
Farming in the Americas began around 4000 to 3000 BCE, with evidence of early agricultural practices emerging in regions such as Mesoamerica and the Andean highlands. In Mesoamerica, crops like maize, beans, and squash were cultivated, while the Andean region saw the domestication of potatoes and quinoa. These early agricultural developments laid the foundation for complex societies and civilizations across the continent.
agriculture
some early societies are the inca and the aztec.
mesoamerica
The Incas arrived in Mesoamerica around the early 13th century. The empire lasted from 1438 until they were conquered by the Spanish in 1533.
Early societies were diverse and can be categorized into several types, including hunter-gatherer bands, which relied on foraging and nomadic lifestyles; pastoral societies, which focused on herding and breeding livestock; and agricultural societies, which developed farming and settled in one place. Additionally, some societies evolved into more complex structures, such as chiefdoms and early states, characterized by social hierarchies, centralized governance, and economic specialization. Each type of society adapted to its environment and available resources, shaping its culture and social organization.
The first major city in Mesoamerica was Teotihuacan. It was the capital of an early kingdom that arose around 250 BC and collapsed about AD 800.