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In the 19th century, the Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule, marked by a growing sense of nationalism among Filipinos. Economic exploitation, social injustice, and limited political rights fueled discontent, leading to the rise of reformist movements. The period saw the emergence of key figures like José Rizal, who advocated for political and social reforms. This growing national consciousness ultimately contributed to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule in the late 19th century.

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