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The powers that were given to congress are listed in the U.S. Constitution.

Congress has two types of powers granted to it: enumerated and implied. Enumerated powers include:

  • To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debt and provide the for the common defence and general welfare of the United States.
  • To borrow money.
  • To regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states.
  • To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States
  • To coin money and regulate it (and establish the punishment for counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States)
  • To establish post offices and post roads.
  • To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.
  • To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court
  • To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the laws of nations
  • To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water.
  • To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years.
  • To provide and maintain a navy.
  • To make rules for the Government and regulation of the land and naval forces.
  • To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
  • To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.
  • To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings.
  • To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

All of the enumerated powers of Congress can be found in Article 1, Section 8 of the federal Constitution of the United States.

Implied powers are a different matter entirely. For a nice explanation, here is a link to the answer.

What_are_the_'implied_powers'_of_the_Congress

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