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During Mikhail Gorbachev's presidency, the Soviet Union faced significant economic stagnation, political unrest, and a loss of control over its satellite states. His policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) aimed to reform the economy and increase transparency, but instead led to heightened public dissatisfaction and demands for greater freedoms. Additionally, nationalist movements surged in various republics, ultimately contributing to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Gorbachev's efforts to modernize the country were met with resistance, complicating the already fragile political landscape.

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