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Proponents of the Constitution adopted the name "Federalists." Federalist leaders included men like James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, who together wrote a series of eighty-five newspaper essays collected in a book called The Federalist (1788), as well as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. As nationally known figures, they used their prestige and political finesse to organize support for the Constitution after it was written, with the hopes of having it ratified. According to the language of the Constitution, nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify, or accept, the terms of the document in order for the Constitution to become the ruling law of the land.

On the other hand, most of those against the Constitution were not prominent national leaders and many were small farmers. They vehemently opposed the Constitution for various reasons. Some objected to Congress's taxation power, others to the president's sweeping authority, and others to the omission of a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties. In general, they feared that the Constitution created a national government that would be dominated by aristocrats whose nearly limitless power would deprive ordinary people of their independence. Prominent opponents of the Constitution included Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and Samuel Adams.


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