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Constantinople was the capital of the medieval Roman Empire, what we now call the Byzantine Empire, which was one of the most important countries in Europe for most of the Middle Ages. It was one of the most important trade cities of the entire age, and was a center for pilgrims and merchants alike.

It was a center for learning, and the University of Constantinople, which was originally founded as a school in 425 AD, remained open until 1453. (Since western historians generally regard a university has a school with a specific form and a charter from a pope or western monarch, the University of Constantinople is usually not included in lists of medieval universities.) It was the center of what was perhaps the most literate nation in Europe, where primary schools operated even at the village level, and where boys and girls alike were taught to read and write. As a center of learning, in contact with both the East and the West, it was a place where Christian and Islamic cultures traded scientific understanding.

It was the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Most historians date the end of the Middle Ages with the fall of Constantinople. As I think about the superstitions, the witch hunts and the suppression of science that arose in the age that proudly described itself as the Renaissance, I can hardly say the end of the Middle Ages was an improvement, or think of the fall of Byzantine civilization as anything but a sad loss.

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