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A city-state is a city which is independent and self-governing and therefore has its own state and government. What is governed is the town and its territory. These territories could be small, sort of district level, with just the town and its surrounding countryside and villages, or large, reaching a regional level and including other towns.

City-states were liable to fight each other as in the famous wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse in the ancient Greek world and as in the wars between city-states of Renaissance Italy, most notably those between Milan and Venice which fought over hegemony in northern Italy.

City states could be expansionist. Athens did so by forming the Dalian League, which has also been called the Athenian Empire. It controlled the whole of the coast of western Turkey and of north-eastern Greece and the Greek islands through alliances with other city-states. The allies had to pay a tribute and if they did not they were attacked. In Italy, Venice took over north-eastern Italy, Dalmatia, Crete, Cyprus and the majority of the Greek islands.

Today there still are some city-states: Singapore, Monaco and Vatican City.

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